A book so easily confuted as Paine's Age of Reason did not, of course, remain long unanswered. Bishop Watson's and Thomas Scott's responses are now the best known ; but we may add to these names those of J. Achincloss, Elias Boudinot, John Disney, Samuel Drew, J. P. Estlin, David Levi, W. McNeil," Thomas Meek, Michael Nash, Uzal Ogden, John Padman, William Patten, J. Priestly, T. Shame, David Simpson, Thomas O. Summers, Robert Thompson. John Ty tier, W. Wait, G. Wakefield, E. Wallace, and T. Williams, and still leave the list unexhausted. When IJobert Hall was asked his opinion of the Age of Reason, he replied, " My opin- ion of it, sir? Why, sir, it is a mouse nibbling at the wing of an archangel." See, on Paine and his literary productions, Salmagunda (Lond. ed.), i, 134; Dibdin, Sunday Library, vi, 335; Lowndes, British Libr. p. 17(51 ; Lond. Month. Rev. (1794), p. 96; Brit. Rev. June, 1811 ; Edinb. Month. Rev. iii, 434; Blackw.Mag.x,7(}l ; xiii, 49; xvii, 198; xxvi, 816, 866; xxix, 764 ; xxx, 637 ; xxxiv, 501; xxxv, 406; xxxviii, 361, 366; Niles, Register, xxx, 397 ; Carey, Museum, i, 20 ; ix, 179 ; Spirit of the Pilgrims, iv, 338; Living Age, xvi, 169; Hist. Mag. (N. Y'.), Jidy, 1857, p. 206 ; Lond. Quar. Rev. July, 1858; A tkmtic Monthly, July, 1859; Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and Amer. Authors, vol. ii, s. v.; Watson, Men and Times; Randall, Jefferson; Memoirs of S. Grellet ; Address on Paine, by AV. A. Stokes (1859, 8vo). The
principal biographies of Paine are: Francis Oldys's (George Chalmers) (Lond. 1791, 8vo) ; James Cheetham's (N. Y. 1809, 8vo) ; Shervvin's (1819, 8vo) ; G. Valse's (N. Y. 1841, 8vo) ; by the editor of the National (Lond. 1850, r2mo); by the editor oi Paine's Political Writings (Bost. 1850, 2 vols. 8vo) ; by the author oiThe Religion of Science (N. Y. 1860, 12mo). We hardly know whether to name in this connection the recent publication enti- tled Light from the Spirit World: the Pilgrimage of Thomas Paine and Others to the Seventh Circle in the Spirit Wo)-ld, by Rev. C. Hammond (Medina, N. Y., 1852. post 8vo). (J. H. W.)
Paint is the rendering of the A. V. in Jer. xxii. 14 of the Heb. nUJ^, mashach', properly to anoint, as in Gen. xxxi, 13; Dan. ix, 24. Li Ezekiel xxiii, 40 the original is inS, hachcd', to smear. In 2 Kings ix, 20, and Jer. iv, 30, the Heb. word is T^IQ, puk, of uncertain etymology ; but, according to Flirst, akin to Sanscrit jng, Latin 2)ingo, Jingo. It denoted a mixture of burned or pulverized antimony and zinc, which Avas softened with oil, and applied to the eyes by a pencil or short, smooth style of ivory, silver, or wood, which was drawn between the closed eyelids. By this process a black ring was formed around the eyelids (see Hartmann, Aifkldningen iiber Asien, ii, 446 sq. ; id. Hebriierin, ii, 149 sq.; iii, 198 sq. ; S. (irand in the 3fuseiim Ilagan. iii, 175 sq.). The allusion in Wisd. xiii, 14 is to the custom, which prevailed especially among the Romans, of painting with red colors the cheeks of idols on holi- days. A similar custom to that of the Hebrew women, mentioned above, still prevails in the East, where the women paint not only their cheeks, but their eyebrows, and the inner surface of the eyelids (comp. Shaw, Travels, ]). 294 ; Niebuhr, Bedouin, p. 65 ; Travels, i, 292; Joliffe, Travels, p. 187; Rosenmliller, Morgcnl. iv, 269 sq. ; Hartmann, Ideal iceibl. SchOnh. p. 65 sq., 307 sq. ; Ruppcll, A rab. xxxvi, 65) (Winer). The use of cos- metic dyes has prevailed in all ages in Eastern coun- tries. We have abundant evidence of the iiractice of painting the eyes both in ancient Egypt (Wilkinson, ii, 342) and in Assyria (Layard, Nineveh, ii, 328) ; and in modern times no usage is more general. It docs not appear, however, to have been by any means universal among the Hebrews. The notices of it are few ; and in each instance it seems to have been used as a meretri- cious art, unworthy of a woman of high character. Thus Jezebel " put her eyes in painting" (2 Kings ix, 30, mar- gin); Jeremiah says of the harlot citj-, "Though thou rentest thy eyes with painting" (Jer. iv, 30) ; and Eze- kiel again makes it a characteristic of a harlot (Ezek. xxiii, 40 ; comp. Joseph. War, iv, 9, 10). The expres- sions used in these passages are worthy of observation, as referring to the mode in which the process was ef- fected. It is thus described by Chandler {Travels, ii, 140) : " A girl, closing one of her eyes, took the two lashes between the forefinger and thumb of the left hand, pulled tliem forward, and then thrusting in at the external corner a bodkin which had been immersed in the soot, and extracting it again, the particles before adhering to it remained within, and were presently ranged around the organ." The eyes were thus literally " put in paint," and were '■ rent" open in the process. A broad line was also drawn around the eye, as represented in the accompanying cut. The effect was an apparent enlargement of the eye ; and the expression in Jer. iv, 30 has been by some understood in this sense ((iesen. Thes. p. 1239), which is without doubt admissible, and would harmonize with the observations of other writers