Palgrave, Francis, Sir, an English knight, distin- guished alike as a zealous and intelligent antiquary and as a historian, was born of Jewish parentage, named Cohen, at London in 1788. Of his early childhood nothing is known beyond the fact that at the age of eight years he translated the Butrachomyomachia of Homer from a Latin version into French (1797, 4to). When Cohen joined the Christian Church we are not able to state, probably long before he was called to the bar of the Inner Temple (1827), and before having re- ceived the honor of knighthood (1832). Sir F. Pal- grave was for many years deputy keeper of the Public Records of Britain (from about 1836). He died July 6, 1861. Of his many writings we will only mention the following : The Rise and Progi-ess of the English Com- monwealth ; A nglo-Saxon Period, containing the A nglo- Sctxon Policy and the Institutions arising out of Laws and Usages which pi-evailed before the Conquest (1832, 2 vols.): — The History of England; Anglo-Saxon Period (1831, 1850, 1868; vol. xxi of Murray's "Family Li- brary") : — Documents and Records illustrating the His- tory of Scotland and the Transactions between the Crowns of Scotland and England (1857) : — Truths and Fictions of the Middle Ages: — The Merchant and the Friar (1837, 1844) : — The History of Normandy and of England (1851, 1857, 1864, 4 vols.). Besides many other works, he wrote articles to the Lond. Quar. Rev. and other periodicals. His great merit, in his his- toric writings, consists in the extensive use made by him of original documents, by aid of which he not only himself very much enlarged our acquaintance with the history and social aspects of the Middle Ages, but pointed out to others the advantage to be derived from a careful study of the original sources of informa- tion. See Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and Amer. Auth. s. v. ; Edinb. Rev. July, 1832; January, 1852, p. 153; Hallam, Middle Ages, Preface to Sup. Notes, i, 11 (New York, 1872) ; Smyth, Lectures on Modern History, lect. viii ; Edinb. Rev. Ixvi, 36 ; Westminster Rev. July, 1857 ; (London) Athenceum, 1857, Feb. 28; North Amer. Rev. April, 1858; Margaliouth, T>s%ps of the Historic An- glo-Hebreivs in East Anglia (London, 1870), p. 105 sq. ; Pick, in the Evangel. (Lutheran) Quar. Rev. Julv, 1876, p. 373. (.J.H.AV.)
Pali (a corruption of the Sanscrit Prakrit, q. v.) is the name of the sacred language of tlie Buddhists. Its origin must be sought for in one or several of the pop- ular dialects of ancient India, which are comprised un- der the general name of Prakrit, and stand in a similar relation to Sanscrit as the Romance languages, iu their earlier period, to Latin. See Sakscrit.
PALICI
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PALISSY
Palici (i. e. dcemom), deities anciently worshipped in the neighborhood of Mount yEtna, in Sicily. They were said to be twin sons of Zeus and Taleia, daughter of Ilcplia'stus. Ill remote ages they were propitiated by liumau sacrilices. 'I'lie temple of the I'alici was resorted to as an asjdum by runaway slaves.
Palilia, an ancient Roman festival which was cel- ebrated annually on April 21 in honor of Pales, the god of shepherds. On the same day afterwards this festival was kept as a memorial of the first founding of the city by Uomulus. A minute description of the ceremonies practiced on this day occurs in the Fagti of Ovid. The first object to which the festival was di- rected was a public lustration by fire and smoke. For this purpose they burned the blood of the October-horse (q. v.), the ashes of the calves sacrificed at the festival of Ceres, and the shells of beans. The people were also sprinkled with water; they washed their hands in spring- water, and drank milk, mixed with must. In the even- ing the stables were cleansed with water, sprinkled by means of laurel branches, which were also hung up as ornaments. To produce purifying smoke for the sheep and their folds, the shepherds burned sulphur, rosemary, lir-wood, and incense. Sacrifices besides were offered, consisting of cakes, millet, milk, and other eatables, after which a prayer was offered by the shepherds to Pales, their presiding deity. Fires were then kindled, made of heaps of straw, and, amid cheerful strains of music, the sheep were purified by being made to pass through the smoke three times. The whole ceremonies were wound up with a feast in the open air. In latter times the Palilia lost its character as a shepherd festival, and came to be held exclusively in commemoration of the day on which the building of Rome commenced. Ca- ligula ordered the day of his accession to the throne to be celebrated as a festival under the name of Palilia. See Gardner, Faiths of the World, p. 589, 590.
Palimpsest (TraXlii-^ijaToc, ruhhed out again), a term applied to ancient manuscripts, of which the older writing has been erased in order to use the parchment or paper for writing on them again. A good specimen is the Wolfenblittel MS. (q. v.).
Palingenesia (Gr. iraXiv, again, and y'ivtaic, birth) is a term that appears to have originated among the Stoics, who employed it to denote the act of the Deraiurgus, or Creator, by which, having absorbed all being into himself, he reproduced it in a new creation. The occurrence of the word in the New Testament (Matt, xix, '28, where it is used in allusion to the judgment of this world, and the citwu ^ieWmv; and Titus iii, 5, where it is used in reference to baptismal regeneration, Xovrpov TvaXiy/ivtmao) has given it a place in Christian theology, and divines have various- ly used it to express the resurrection of men, the new birth of the individual soul, and the restoration of the world to that perfect state that it lost by the Fall — " the new heavens and the new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness." The term is also applied to designate both tlie great geological changes which the earth has undergone and the transformations in the insect king- dom, such as of caterpillars into butterflies, etc. See New HiKTii; KKStRuiicriON.