On the other hand, the case of Alcimns, spoken of in 1 Mace, ix, 55, was probably one of sudden tetanus, which would account for the severe pain mentioned, a symptom not found in apoplexy, as well as for the sudden death. The tetanus (which receives its common name of lock- jaw from its effect on the organs of speech) attacks and disables the body suddenly ; is connected with severe pain in the muscles affected, and sometimes results fa- tally within thirty or fifty hours. Yet it is possible, with Ackermann, to refer such cases to apoplexy, under- standing by the" torment" (/3«(Trtroe) the sufferingwhich bystanders, from the visible symptoms, suppose the pa- tient to suffer. The victim of this disease is motion- less; his breathing is slow and interrupted, accompanied by a rattling sound; foam often appears in the mouth ; the face is swollen and red ; the eyes protrude, and are fixed, and the extremities cold (see Conradi, Ilundb. d, spec. Pathol, ii, 531). It is well known that apoplexy often kills in a few minutes. See further, on the vary- ing views which medical men take of the palsy of the New Testament, Bartholini Paralytici N. T. Medico et Philol. Commentarii, illustr. (Hafn. 1653; 3d ed. Leips. 1685) ; Wedel, Exercit. Med. Philol. dec. 5, p. 6 sq. ; dec. 8, p. 17 sq. ; Ader, Enarrat. de yEgrotis in Evang. (Tolos. 1723), p. 10 sq. ; Baier, Animadv. physico-med. ad loco. N, T. Spec, ii, 30 sq. ; Medic.-hermen. Untei'- such. 109 sq. (extracted from Ackermann).
The passages which speak of a ivithered hand (1 Kings xiii, 4; Matt, xii, 10; Mark iii, 1) remain to be noticed. This (Gr. xttp t,i]pd) in the last two passages can be un- derstood either of atrophy of the limbs (see Ackermann, in Weise's Material, iii, 131 sq. ; comp. Conradi, op. cit. ii, 212) or of palsy (Wedel, Exercit. dec. 8, p. 24 sq. ; comp. Ader, Enarrat. p. 69 sq. ; Schulthess, in Henke's
PARAMAHANSAS
662
PARAN
Museum, in, 2i sq.). The case of Jeroboam (1 Kings xiii 4), whose hand was suddenly so affected that he could not draw it back to him. is either one of palsy, or perhaps of tetanus, as Ackermann thinks (/. c.).— Winer, ii, 191. See Palsy.
Paramahansas, a species of Sunyasi, or Hindii ascetics, and, indeed, the most eminent of the four gra- dations, being solely occupied with the investigation of Brahm, and equally indifferent to pleasure, insensible to cold or heat, and incapable of satiety or want. In accordance with this definition, individuals are some- times found who pretend to have reached this degree of perfection, and in token of it they go naked, never speak, and never indicate any natural want. They are fed by attendants, as if unable to feed themselves. They are usually classed among the Saiva ascetics, but Prof. H. H. Wilson doubts the accuracy of the classification. See Gardner, Faiths of the Woiid, ii, 61G.
Paramandyas, a portion of the dress of Caloyers, or (ireek monks. It consists of a piece of black cloth sewed to the lining of their caps, and hanging down upon their shoulders.
Paramats, a Buddhist sect which arose in the be- ginning of the present century at Ava. They respect only the Abhidharmma, and reject the other sacred books. Kosan, the founder of the sect, with about fifty of his followers, were put to death by order of the king.
Paramo, Luiz ue, a Spanish theologian, was born about 1545 in Borox, near Toledo. He was archdeacon and canon of the cathedral of Leon, and afterwards in- quisitor of the faith in Sicily and in Spain. He con- secrated his pen to history and to the defence of the In- quisition, and wrote, among other works, De orifjine et 2)rogressu officii Sanctce Inquisitionis ejusque difjnitute et utilitate (Madrid, 1598, fol. ; reprinted in 1G14 at An- vers). This book is the rarest and the most curious upon the tribunal of the H0I3' Office. Extracts have been translated from it in the sequel of the Manuel dts Inquisiteurs (Paris, 1762, l'2mo). See Antonio, Bihlioth. Hispana nova, vol. ii. — Hoefer, Noui: Biog. Generak, xxxix, 18G.
Paramonaiios was the name of an inferior officer belonging to the ancient Christian Clairch. The para- monarii are referred to in the Council of Chalcedon. Translators and critics differ as to the meaning of the word. Some of the more ancient writers consider it as equivalent to the Munsionarus or Ostiarus (q. v.). More modern critics, again, explain it by villicus, or steward of the lands. Walcott says the paramonarios was " in the East a bailiff of Church lands; in the West, a resident verger and porter."
Paramour is in one passage of the A. V. (Ezek. xxiii, 20) properly the rendering of CSSS, 2}ille't/esh (whence the Greek TraWcKli;), a concubine (q. v.), as elsewhere rendered, being in every other instance used only of a female.
Pa'rau (Heb. Paran', '"ISS, according to Gesenius and Furst, excavated, i. c. a place of caves, from an Arab, root; according to others, from "iK3, to be beau- tiful; Sept. and Joscphus, ^apav ; Yulg. Pharun), a name given in the Bible to a desert and to a mountain. The present article is based upon that of Dr. Porter in Kitto's Cydfipadid. witli a<lditions from other sources.