er than the commm English partridge, and a bird of most delicate pencilling in its plumage. The bill and legs are a rich orange color, the back finely mottled, a bright white spot behind the ej'e, and the flanks striped with purple and red-brown. It is peculiar, so far as we know, to Arabia Petr.Ta. the basin of the Dead Sea and its wadies, and to the eastern strip of the wilderness of Judrea, wlierc it supplants in some degree the larger species, though both are found in the same localities. In the neighborhood of the Cave of Adidlam it is very plentiful, and it often lays its beautiful cream-colored eggs in holes in caves, as well as inider the idicltcr of crevices of rocks. It runs with wonderliil agility up and down the cliffs, and its call-note is like that of the other partridge.
'•In the rich lowland plains, as of Gennesaret, Acre, and Phoenicia, the place of the jiartridge is taken b\' the francolin, a bird of the same family, well known in India as the black partridge, and formerly found in Southern Europe as far as Spain, but now i|uitc extinct on the Continent. The francolin {I'nincolinus culyuris)
is as large and heavy as the red grouse, concealing it- self in the dense herbage and growing corn of marshy ])lains, where its singular call can be heard, as on Gen- nesaret, resounding at daybreak from every part of the plain, while not a bird can be seen. It is distinguished from the hajd, or partridge, by the Arabs, but was doubtless included under kori by the Hebrews. The male bird is very beautifid, with deep black breast, flanks black with large white spots, and a rich chestnut collar fringed with black and white spots.
Syrian "Black Partridge" {Francvlinus I'nlfjaris).
" With the partridges may also be included the sand- grouse (Pleroctes), of ^vhich several species occur in great abundance in the more arid parts of the country. Some have supposed the sand-grouse to have been the 'quail' of the Israelites in the wilderness — both, as it appears, needless conjectures. The sand-grouse are" rec- ognised by very distinct names by the Orientals. They are a peculiar group of game birds, in some respects ap- proaching the pigeons, and inhabit the sandy regions of Africa and Asia in myriads. Two species are found so far north as Spain, and in the 'Landes' in the south of France. One of these (^Pterodes arenarius). the common sand-grouse, the Ichudry of the Arabs, inhabits the wilderness of Judrea, and the other (P. setarius), the pin-tailed sand-grouse, the katu of the Arabs, may be seen passing over the barer parts of the Jordan valley and the eastern desert by thousands at a time. It was beautifully described by Russell in the Natural JJistun/ of Aleppo, more than a century ago. Two other spe- cies, also common in Arabia and Egypt, abound in the wilderness of Juda>a and near the Dead Sea (P. cxiistiis and P. SeiiPf/alensis), both birds remarkable for the del- icate markings of their plumage, but, like all the species of the genus, of a general sandy hue, which admirably assists them in escaping observation on the bare plains." See Binu.
Syrian " Kata Partridge" or Sand-frronse (Ptcrodes A Iclmta ov Setarius).
Party-spirit is a certain limitation of that general social ))rinciple wliich binds together the human species. It consists in the attachment men are disposed to feel towards any association or body they may belong to, in itself, and towards the fellow-members of the same, as
PAKUAH
715
PASAGIl
such, over and above any regard they may have for them individually. Those who are unaccustomed to clearness of distinction are, when speaking of party- spirit, apt to confound together the combination itself and the particular objects which in any particular case may be iiroposed. There is no partj'-spirit necessarily generated in the forming of a combination with others for fixed and definite objects, to be pursued by specified means, and under regulations distinctly laid down and strictly observed; but the party-spirit which is to be wholly removed and sedulously shunned in religious matters consists in a genei-al indcHmle conformity to the views and practices of some party, without limitation of time or objects. Those who disapprove of such ad- herence to a religious party found that disapprobation upon the opinion that it is setting up man in the place of God. "Lord, I will follow thee udiithersnever thou goest," they consider to be the expression of precisely that sort of allegiance which is due to God, and not due to man. They remember the injunction, " Be not ye called Master ; for one is your master, even Christ." — Eden, T/k'oI. Diet. a. v.
Par'uah [some Paru'cik} (Heb. Pa?-«'nf/?, Hills, blessing [Gesen.], or increase [Flirst]; Sept. ^appov, V. r. <tpi)rt(Toi'5 and ^npovi), the father of Jehoshaphat, which latter was Solomon's purveyor in Issachar (1 Kings Iv, 17). B.C. cir. 1012.
Parva'ini (Heb. Parva'yim, f^"13, a dual form from some unknown "^T"?; Sept. ^rtpofi'//), a region producing gold used in adorning Solomon's Temple (2 Chron. iii, (>). There is very strong reason to conclude with Bochart {Can. i, 46) that it is the same with Ophir. Castell, however (Lexic. Ileptayl. col. 30G2), identities it with Barbatia on the Tigris, which is named by Pliny {Hist. Nat. vi, 32) ; and Gesenius, seeking the root of the name in the Sanscrit ^jii/'i-a, " before," i.e. "east- ern," concludes it to be a general term, corresponding to our Zern«/, meaning east country; so that ''gold of Parvaim" means Eastern rjold {Thesaur. ii, 25; so Wil- ford in the Asiat. Research, viii, 276). Knobel conject- ures {Volkert.\i. 191) that it is an abbreviated form of Sepharvaim, which stands in the Syriac version and the Targum of Jonathan for the Sephar of Gen. x, 30. Hit- zig maintains (on Dan, x, 5) tliat the name is derived from the Sanscrit prt?'K, " hill," and betokens the SiSvfia opt] in Arabia mentioned by Ptolemy (vi, 7, § 11).