In the non-united Greek Church the ancient system of the three patriarchates of Constantinople, Antioch, and Jerusalem is nominally maintained, and the authority of the patriarchs is recognised by their own communion. But the jurisdiction-limits of the patriarch of Constanti- nople, who is acknowledged as the head, have been much moditied. The patriarch resides at Constantinople, and is styled the thirteenth apostle. The right of election is vested in the archbishops and bishops, but tlie power of confirming the appointment is exercised by the sultan of Turkey, who exacts twenty-five thousand crowns, and sometimes more, on the occasion of the patriarch's instal- lation. Besides this immense sum, the various fees of the ministers of state and other officers swell the oppressive amount so much that the patriarch is generally encum- bered with heavy debts during the period of his patri- archate. Before an election, it is usual for the bishops to apply to the grand vizier for his license to proceed ; he replies by summoning them to his presence, when he demands if they are full}- determined to proceed with the election. Being answered in the affirmative, his consent is then given. The election over, the vizier presents the patriarch with a white horse, a black ca- puche, a crosier, and an embroidered caftan. A pompous and magnificent procession is then formed, consisting of the patriarch, attended by a long train of Turkish offi-
Patriarch of Constantinople.
cers, the Greek clergy, and a vast concourse of people. The patriarch is received at the church door by the principal archbishops, who hold wax tapers in their hands; and the bishop of Ileraclea, as chief archbishop, takes him by the hand and conducts him to his throne, and he is then invested with the insignia of his office. When the patriarch subscribes any ecclesiastical docu- ment his title is, " By the mercy of God, archbishop of Constantinople, the new Rome, and oecumenical patri- arch." The sultan retains the unmitigated power of deposition, banishment, or execution ; and it is needless to add that even the paltry exaction on institution is motive sufficient for the frequent exertion of that pow- er; and it has sometimes happened that the patriarch, on some trifling dispute, has been obliged to purchase his confirmation in office. He possesses the privilege (in name, perhaps, rather than in reality) of nominating his brother patriarchs ; and, after their subsequent election by the bishops of their respective patriarchates, of con- firming the election ; but the harat of the sultan is still necessary to give authority both to themselves and even to ever}' bishop whom they may eventually appoint in the execution of their office. The election of the other patriarchs, as they are farther removed from the centre of oppression, is less restrained, and their deposition less frequent. But this comparative security is attended by little power or consequence ; and two at least of the three are believed to number very few subjects who remain faithful to the orthodox Church.
The patriarch of Antioch has two rivals who assume the same title and dignity; the one as the head of the Syrian Jacobite Church, the other as the Maronite pa- triarch, or head of the Syrian Catholics. The patriarch of Alexandria, who resides generally at Cairo, has also his Coptic rival ; and the few who are subject to him are chiefly found in the villages or capital of Lower Egypt. The patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem reside usually at Constantinople, and enjoy very slender and precarious revenues. The Kusso-Greek Church with- drew from the patriarchate of Ccmstantinople partially in the 17th, and finally in the 18th century. There was then established at Moscow a metropolitan, whose name and authority was finally transformed into that of patriarch. But the emperor Peter the Great eventu- ally abolished the titles altogether. See KussiA. Greece
Maronite Patriarch.
PATRIARCHS
774
PATRICK
Patiiai-ch of Jerusalem.
proper has been practically separated from the patriar- chate of Constantinople since the independent establish- ment of the kingdom of Greece (q. v.), but its formal separation took place later.
In the Roman Catholic Church the title of patriarch is now little more than an honorary title. The dress of the five patriarchs of Eomc, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, and Jerusalem, ranking next to cardinals, resembles that of cardinals except that the color is pur- ple. In the papal chapel they wear over their soutane and rochets amices and a purple serge cappa, gathered up with a fold under the left arm, with a white ermine tippet, and when the pope othciates, plain linen mitres and copes of the color of the day. The Greek patriarchs have a lampadouchon, or lighted candlestick, carried be- fore them. In the l'2th century the right, hitherto ex- clusively attached to the pontificate, of having a cross borne before them was conceded to all patriarchs and metropolitans, and granted to all archbishops from the time of Gregory IX. See Bingham, Origines Eccles. bk. ii, ch. xvii, § 12, 19; Morin, De Putriarcharum origine Exerc. Hi, etc. ; Ziegler, Pragmat. Gesch, de.r kirchl. Verf.- Formen, p. lG-1 sq. ; Siegel, Christl. A Iferfhiimey; iii, 288 ; iv, 195 sq. ; Kiddle, Christian A ntiquities, p. 219, 228 sq. ; Neale, Hist. Eastern Church {Fnlrod.), ch. i. (J. H. W.)
Patriarchs (the Twelve), Testament of. See Testament.
Patricians, a Christian sect named by all the early heresiologists as followers oi Patriciua, of A. D. 410-412, are charged with believing, like all Manichiean heretics in after-times, that the devil made man's body altogeth- er; and that therefore a Christian may kill himself to be- come perfect through separation from his evil body (Au- gustine, I/ceres, c. Ixi ; I'ncdestinatus, Hm-es. c. Ixi). These tales, though they originated with the saints and fathers of the Church, may seem too absurd to be be- lieved in the 19th century, and it is even probalile they were founded on hearsay; yet the recent existence of Mugghtoniuns and Southcottiam shows that nothing is too ridiculous to find credit with some people. St. Au- gustine also classes the I'atricians with Basilides, Car- pocrates, Marcion, and other precursors of the Mani- chees, as repudiating the Holy Scriptures (Contra Acl- versar. Leg. ei Proj)k. c. ii). Nothing is known of Pa-