These laws were impartiall}' executed : peers and peer- esses, as tlie earl and coinitess of Argyle, earl and count- ess of Arran — Arran being at the time prime minister — were laid under public censure. Felons were subjected to such discipline, and then executed.
It does not seem to have occurred to the Reformers or their more immediate successors in the Protestant churches that their system of discipline, with its pub- lic rebukes and enforced humiliations of various kinds — as the wearing of a sackcloth robe, and sitting on a particular seat in church — was liable to be interpreted in a sense very different from tliat of a mere expression of sorrow for sin ; but the belief is now very general among tlie most zealous adherents of their doctrinal opinions that in all this they adopted practices incon- gruous with their creed, and in harmon)' rather with that of the Church of Rome. Nor do they seem to have perceived that Church discipline (q. v.). in its proper sense, as relating to ecclesiastical rights and privileges, is wholly distinct from the imposition of penalties by churches or Church courts. Penitential humiliations, imposed by ecclesiastical authority, are now no more in favor where Church discipline is most strict than where the utmost laxity prevails. The commutation of penalties deemed shameful, for a fine to the poor of the parish, was an abuse once prevalent in Scotland, but never sanctioned by the higher ec- clesiastical authorities.
See, besides Bingham and Coleman, Riddle, Christian Antiquities; FAVhM, Delineation of Romanism ; Killen, Ancient C/<m?-c/(, p. 401 sq, ; Siegel, Christl. Alterthiimer, i, 192 and 28G ; Calvin, Institutes; Marshall, Peniten- tial Discipline, p. 101 sq. (in Anglo-Catholic Library); Jahrb.f.deutsch, TAeo/. viii,91 (18G8) ; ii,355sq. ; Cramp, Text-Book of Popery ; Willet, iSi/nop. Papism ; Haag, Ilistoire des Dof/mes Chretiennes ; Ilagenbach, Hist, of Doctrines ; IJarnum, Romanism ; Theol. Rev. v, 427 ; (London) Quarterl;/ Reriett; Jan. 18G8 (Amer. edition), p. 55 ; and especially Die Jiussordnunrjen der abendldn- disclien Kirche, by Dr. F. \V. II. Wasserschleben (Halle, 1851, 8vo, 72G pp.). After a historical introduction, showing a most thorough survey of the whole subject in its original sources, all the pcnitentials and canons relating to penance in the British, Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Frankisli, ami Spanish churches are given at length. It is a repertory, in fact, of penitential law — not in ab- stracts, but in a reprint of the original documents them- selves.
Penates were certain inferior deities among the Romans, who presided over houses and the domestic af- fairs of families, and were called Penates because thev
were generally placed in the innermost and most secret parts of the house, ^' in penitissimd oedium paiie, quud" as Cicero says, "penitus insident." The place where they stood was afterwards called penetralia, and they themselves received the name o{ Penet rales. It was in the option of every master of a family' to choose his Penates, and therefore Jupiter, and some of the superior gods, are often invoked as patrons of domestic affairs. According to some, the Penates were divided into four classes; the first comprehended all the celestial, the second the sea gods, the third the gods of hell, and the last all such heroes as had received divine honors after death. The Penates were originally the manes of tlie dead, but when superstition had taught man- kind to pay uncommon reverence to the statues and linages of their deceased friends, their attention was soon exchanged for regular worship, and they were ad- mitted by their votaries to share immortality and power over the world, with Jupiter or IMinerva. The statues of the Penates were generally made of wax, ivory, silver, or earth, according to the afiliience of the worshipper, and the only offerings they received were wine, incense, fruits, and sometimes the sacrifice of lambs, sheep, goats, etc. In the early ages of Rome human sacrifices were offered to them ; but Brutus, who expelled the Tarquiiis, abolished this unnatural custom. When offerings were made to them, their statues were crowned with garlands, poppies, or garlic ; and, besides the monthly day that was set apart for tiieir worship, their festivals were cel- ebrated during the Saturnalia. Some have confounded the Lares and the Penates, but they were different. See Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Bio(j. and Mylhol. s. v.
Pendant (J^al. pendens, hanging) is a term common in architecture to designate (1) a hanging ornament which was much used in the Gothic style, particularly in late perpendicular work, on ceilings, roofs, etc. On stone vaulting they are frequently made very large, and are generally enriched with mouldings and carvings. Good specimens are to be seen in Henry VII's Chap- el, Westminster; the Divin- ity School, Oxford ; St. Law- rence,Evesham, etc. In open timber roofs pendants are frequently' placed under the ends of the hammer-beams, and in other parts where the construction will allow of them. About the period of the expiration of Gothic architecture, and for some time afterwards, pendants were often used on plaster ceilings, occasionally of con- siderable size, though usual- ly small. (2) This name was also formerly used for the spandrels very frequently found in Gothic roofs under the ends of the tie-beams, which are sustained at the bottom by corbels or other supports projecting from the walls. In this position it is usually called a Pendant-post,