Richard I, king of England, surnamed C<eur de Liox, was the third son of Henry II by his queen, Eleanor. He was born at Oxford in September, 1157. In the treaty of Montmirail, entered into Jan. G, 1109, between Henry and Louis VII of France, it was stipu- lated that the duchy of A(|uitaiiie should be made over to Richard, and that he shoidd do homage for it to the king of France ; also, that he should marry Adelais, youngest daughter of Louis, In 1173 Richard joined his mother and his brothers Henry and Geoflrey in their rebellion against the king. The rebels submitted in September, 1174, when two castles in Poitou were allot- ted to Richard. In 1 183 a second family feud broke out in consequence of Richard refusing to do homage to his elder brother, Henry, for the duchy of Aquitaine, In this war his father sided with Richard against Henry and (JeoflVey. It was ended by the death of prince Henry, when Richard, actuated probal)ly by jealousy of his youngest brother. .lolui, declared himself the liege- man of France for his possessions in that coinitry. This step led to a war between the king of England and Philip of France, in which Richard fought against his father. The balance of success being decidedly with France, a treaty in accordance with this fact was about to be executed, when, by the death of Henry II. on July 6, 1189, Richard l)ecame king of England. He landed in his own country on .Vug. 15, 1189, and was crowned in Westminster Abbey on .Sept. 3 following. In the hope of gaining salvation, and with the certainty of following the occupation which he love<l best, he now set out with an army to join the third ("rusade, then about to leave Europe. He united his forces to those of France on the
RICHARD
15
RICHARDOT
plains of Vezelay, and the two armies (numbering in all JUO.OOO men) marched together as far as Lyons, where they separated, and proceeded by ditt'erent routes to RLessina, where they again met. Here Kichard be- trothed his nephew Arthur to the infant daughter of Tancred, king of Sicily, with whom he formed a close alliance. The Sicilian throne was at that time claimed by the emperor Henry VI ; and the alliance with Tan- cred, from this cause, afterwards turned out a very un- lucky one for Kichard. Having settled a difference which now arose between him and Philiji respecting his old engagement to Philip's sister Adelais, the English king, on April 7, 1191, sailed from Messina for Cyprus, carrying along with him Berengaria, daughter of San- cho YI, king of Navarre. He had fallen in love with this princess, and he married her in the island of Cy- prus, where he halted on his way to Palestine. But -even love did not make him forget his favorite pastime of war: he attacked and dethroned Isaac of Cyprus, al- leging that he had ill-used the crews of some English ships which had been tlirown on his coasts. Having then presented the island to Guy of Lusignan, he set sail on June 4, 1191, and on the 10th of the same month he reached tlie camp of the Crusaders, tlien assembled before the fortress of Acre. The prodigies of perso'nal valor which he performed in the Holy Land have made the name of Richard the Lion-liearted more famous in romance than it is in history. The man was the crea- tion and impersonation of his age, and the reader who follows his career may perhaps be more interested than he would be by the lives of greater men, or by the his- tory of a more important period. On Oct. 9, 1192, he set out on his return to England. After some wander- ings and adventures, he became the captive of the era- jieror Henry VI, who shut him up in a castle in the 'i'yrol. John, meanwhile, ruled in England, and he and
Castle of Ticn]l^^cigcl}, Uie I'risDii of King Richard.
Philip of France had good reasons for wishing that Kichard should never return to his kingdom. He dis- appointed them ; not, however, until he had paid a heavy ransom, and even, it is said, agreed to hold his kingdom as a fief of the empire. On March 13, 1194, he found himself once more in England. His brother John, who had acted so treacherously towards him, he magnanimously forgave, but with Philip of France he could not deny himself the pleasure of a war. In the contest which followed he was generally victorious, but in the end it proved fatal to himself. He was killed by an arrow shot from the castle of Chaluz, which he was besieging, on March 20, 1199. If Kichard hail the vices of an unscrupulous man, he had at least the virtues of a brave soldier. See Stul>l)s, Chronich's and Memorials of Richard /, from a MS. in the library of Corpus Christi College (18G4). — Chambers's Encyclop. s. v. See Crusaues.
Richard, Charles-Lonis, a French ecclesiastic, was born at Blainville sur I'Eau, Lorraine, in April, 1711. At the age of sixteen he entered the Dominican convent at Blainville, and took the vows of that order
at Nancy. He taught theology at Pans, was made doc- tor, and in various ways showed himself the champion of his sect. In 1778 he was obliged to retire to Flan- ders in consequence of the part he had taken in a con- troversy concerning the marriage of a converted Jew. When the Revolution occurred, he went into Belgium, and at the time of the second French invasion, in 1794, was living at Mons. On account of his great age he was unable to tlee, and. though he remained some time in concealment, was at last discovered, brought before a militar\' commission, and sentenced to be shot. The sentence was executed on Aug. 16, 1794. His crime was that of publishing, before the entrance of the French, a treatise entitled Parallele des Juifs qui out Crucijie Jesus-Christ uvec les Fran^ais qvi out Execute leur Roi (Mons, 1794, 8vo); and not, as Barbier pretends, one entitled Des Droits de la Maison d'Aufiiche sur la Bel- ffique (ibid. 1794, 8vo). The works of father Kichard are numerous; among them are. Dissertation sur la Pos- session des Corps et V Infestation des Muisons pur les Demons (1746, 8vo) ■.—Biblioth'eque Sacree, etc. (Paris, 1760, 5 vols, fol.) ; ill this work he was assisted by sev- eral other Dominicans; the suf)plement bears his name and that of Giraud; a new edition, with additions and corrections, appeared early in the present century (ibid. 1821-27, 29 vols. 8vo) ■.—Examen du Libelle intitule IJis- toire de V Etablissemeut des A[oines Mendiants (Avignon, 1767-, 12mo) : — Analyse des Conciles Generaux et J'arli- culiers (Paris, 1772-77, 5 vols. 4to) : — La Nature en Contraste avec la Religion et la Ruison (ibid. 1773, 8vo) : • — Annales de la Charite et de la Bienfaisance Chri- tienne (ibid. 1785, 2 vols. 12mo) : — Voltaire de Retour des Ombres, etc. (Brussels and Paris, 1776, 12mo) : — Sermons (Paris, 1789, 4 vols. 12mo). He also wrote many trea- tises and brochures, all relative to the civil oath required of the priests and the Revolution. See Guillon, Les Martyrs de la Foi ; Carron, Les Confesseurs de la Foi, vol. iv : A mi de la Religion, 1822, vol. xxx ; Notice in vol. i of the new edition of the Biblioth'eque Sacree. — Hoefer, Nom\ Biog. Generale, s. v.