Robert of Bavaria ; of Deutz. See Rupert.
Robert of Geneva, antipope against Urban VI and Boniface IX, was the son of count Amadeus of Geneva. He was chosen bj' the French cardinals, who asserted that the election in Rome at which Urban VI was successful had not been free, and he reigned at Avignon under the title of Clement VII from Sept. 21, 1378, to Sept, 26, 1394. He was recog- nised by France, Naples, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Scot- land, Lorraine, and Cyprus, while the other nations of Europe preferred the claims of Urban. This schism in the Church gave rise to serious complications in the intercourse of nations. The popes anathematized each other, and Urban especially caused a crusade against France and his rival to be preached in England, and had the death-penalty inflicted on a number of the cardinals who had conspired to dethrone him. The election of Boniface IX in 1389 protracted the schism in all its bit- terness, until the Sorbonne decided that both popes ought to resign, and that a compromise shoidd be ef- fected by means of arbitrators or a council of the Church. Clement was so affected by this decision that he died of apoplexy (Sept. 20, 1394). The peace desired was not, however, finallj' reached until 1428. — Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lexikon, s. v.
Robert of Gloucester, an English chronicler, lived ill the latter half of the 13th century. He was a monk in the Abbey of Gloucester, and does not appear to have lived long after 126.5. He composed a rhymed chronicle of more than ten thousand verses, written in Anglo-Saxon, containing the history of England from the time of the Romans till Edward I. It is a philo- logical curiosity, but is full of the most absurd fables. It was published entire by Hearne (Oxford, 1724, 2 vols.), and reprinted in 1810. — WaQtar, Nouv. Bivg. Ge- nerate, 8. v.
Robert of Lincoln. See Grosseteste.
Robert of IMelun, an English theologian, was protmbly born in the latter part of the 11th century. But little is known of his life. Du Boulay supposes that ho taught for some time in Paris, and then went to Meltni to pursue the same v(K>ation. At any rate, one ofhis pupils— John of Salisbury— reports that he taught
physics in the former city, and aften\-ards devoted him- self to theology. He died Feb. 28, 1167. His principal treatise is entitled Summa Tlteologice, fragments only of which have been published. It contains very valuable matter on the origin of scholastic theology. One other work is attributed to Robert, Qucestiones de Epistolis Pauli. See Hist. Litter, de la France; Du Boulay, Hist. Univers. Par. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Robert le Poule, or Robertds Pallus, chancel- lor of the Church of Rome, flourished about 1150. He was perhaps archdeacon of Rochester, and certainly a distinguished lecturer on the Scriptures at Oxford. He was the author of Sentenii<e, or Lihri Sententiarum, or Sententue de Trinitate (in MS. in the British Museum) : — twentj' Sermons: — probably a treatise Super Doc- torum Dictis: — and two or three other works (late edi- tion by Hugo Mathout, Paris, 1655, foL). See Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and Amer. Aitth. s. v.
Robert, Christopher R., an eminent Presbyte- rian layman, was born in 1801, near Moriches, L. I. He was engaged for the greater part of his life in mercan- tile pursuits, but early took a warm and active interest in the religions and philanthropic enterprises which have- marked the present century. He contributed largely in organizing and supporting several of the churches in New York city. He foimded the German Presbyterian Church in Rivington Street, and sustained its pastoral work for many years at an annual expense of $2000. Taking a deep interest in the education of young men for the ministry, he assumed for many years the entire expense of a number of students at Auburn and other theological seminaries. While on a visit to Illinois in 1829, which at that time was one of the extreme West- ern states, he became deeply impressed with the im- portance of home missionary work in those regions, and became a large contributor to the funds of the Home Missionary Society, of which he was treasurer for a num- ber of years, conducting all its financial business with- out fee or reward. Near the close of our late civil war he visited Tennessee, and with his own funds purchased a tract of land on Lookout Mountain, and established a college for the education of young men for the ministry in the South, having special reference to the wants of the colored race. In 1864 Mr. Robert made an exten- sive to\tr in the East, and while at Constantinople was so deeply im[)ressed with the educational wants of the Turkish empire that he resolved on founding a college at that place. To this end he took into his counsel that eminent missionary the Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, D.D., then a resident of Constantinople, whom he appointed president of the college, and to whom he intrusted the great work of laying its foundations. For years the Turkish government, true to its narrow-minded and bigoted policy, placed every obstacle in the way of the enterprise, refusing to give its sanction to the purchase of a site for the buildings. Dr. Hamlin, not to be daunted, pressed his way through all the difficulties, finally 'purchased the ground, erected the buildings, and placed the enterprise on a firm foundation at a cost to Mr. Robert of #200,000. Contrary to his desire and ex- pressed wishes, the college was called after his name. During the recent war in the empire, the revenue of the college having been diminished, iMr. Robert supplied the dclitiency, amounting to $25,000 a year, from his own resources. Largely as Mr. Robert's efforts were put forth in building up the cause of Christ, they did not consist merely of munificent contributions of money, but from the time of his conversion he was personally engaged in every good work, actively and earnestly seeking to pro- mote the spirituality of the Church and the conversion of his fellow -men. Being deeply affected with the worldliness and want of spirituality witnessed among professors of religion, he prepared with his own hand a letter to Christians on the subject, and had it published in pam]>hlet form and circulated by the thousand. Early in June, 1878, he left his home to seek the re-