As the Decorated style advanced, the leading tim- bers of the principals were often formed into an arch by the addition of circular braces imder the tie-beams, the beams themselves be- ing also frequently curved. The spandrels formed by these braces were verj^ usu- ally filled with pierced tra- cery, and the timbers gen- erally were more moulded and enriched than in the earlier styles. Where the lines of mouldings were in- terrupted, they very com- monly terminated in carved leaves or other ornaments.
Sometimes the tie-beams were omitted in roofs of high pitch, but the principals were generally arched. The roofs of domestic halls, in the Decorated style, ap- |)ear to have been more enriched than those of church- es: that of Malvern Priory had a variety of cross- braces above the tie-beams cut into ornamental feather- ings; that of the archbishop of Canterbury's palace at Mayfleld, Sussex, was supported on stone arches span- ning the whole breadth of the room (about fort}' feet). This kind of construction is also partially used in the hall at the Mote, Ightham, Kent. This kind of con- struction, a wooden roof supported on stone arches in- stead of the large timbers necessary for the [irincipals, seems to have been more common than is generally sup- posed, and at all periods.
In the Perpendicular style hammer-beam roofs were introduced (one of the finest specimens of which is that on Westminster Hall), and, together with tliem, most numerous varieties of construction for the sake of orna- ment. These are far too manifold to be enu- merated ; many specimens exist in churches and halls, some of which are extremely mag- nificent, and are enriched with tracerj', feath- erings, pendants, and carvings of various kinds, in the greatest profusion. Many roofs in this style were nearly or quite flat ; these, when plain, had the timbers often exposed to view, and moulded ; in other cases they were ceiled with oak and formed into panels, and were usually enriched with bosses and other ornaments of similar description to those of the higher roofs; good examples re- main at Cirencester Church, Gloucestershire. On halls hammer-beam roofs were principal- ly used, but on churches other kinds of con- struction were more prevalent. There are some mediaeval buildings, principally ves- tries, apses, and portions of churches, which are entirely roofed with stone. They are generally of high elevation, and often have ribs answering to the rafters in a wooden roof. They occur at all i)eriods, and in some cases may have been erected for protection
against fire ; in other cases, when the material was suit- able, perhaps from economy.
The name of roof is often applied to what are, in fact, ceilings having an external covering, or outer roof, dis- tinct from that which is seen. Vaulted roofs are also frequently spoken of, but a vault usually has an outer roof over it, and is more properly a vaulted ceiling. — Parker, Glass, of Architect, s. v. See Chambeis's Ency- cloj). s. V. ; \\'alcott. Sac. A rchceol. s. v.
Room is employed in the A. V. as the equivalent of no less than four Heb. and eight Greek terms. The only one of these, however, which need be noticed here is TrpioroK:Xi(Tia (Matt, xxiii, 6; Mark xii, 39; Luke xiv, 7, 8 ; XX, 46), which signifies, not a " room" in the sense we commonly attach to it of a chamber, but the highest place on the highest couch round the dinner or supper table — the " uppermost seat,'' as it is more ac- curately rendered in Luke xi, 43. See IMeal. The word " seat" is. however, generally appropriated bj- our translators to KaSriCpa, which seems to mean some kind of official chair. In Luke xiv, 9, 10, they have ren- dered roTTOf by both " place" and " room." — Smith. See also Upper Kooji.
The convenience of dividing habitations into sepa- rate apartments early suggested itself. AVe read of various kinds of rooms in Scripture — bedchamber, in- ner chamber, upper chamber, bride -chamber, guest- chamber, guard-chamber, of the king's house. Li early times the females and children of the family slept in one room, on separate beds, and the males in another. See Chamber.
Roos, Johann Friedrich, only son of the fol- lowing, was born in 1759, and died in 1828, at Marbach, where he had held the position of dean. He wrote a Hislory of the Reformation and a Church History, neither of which was based on original sources, and both of which have been superseded by more modern works. See Herzog, Reul-Encyklop. s. v.
Roos, Magnus Friedrich, the last of the series of clergymen in Wiirtemberg who during the 18th cen- tury promoted the independent development of Pietism (q. v.), and exercised an important influence over the clergy and churches of Wiirtemberg against the ration- alistic and other movements of North Germany. He was born at Sulz-on-the-Neckar, Sept. 6, 1727, passed through the schools of Wiirtemberg in regular course, and in 1749 became vicar at Owen. After filling vari- ous ministerial stations in Tlibingen, Stuttgart, etc., he was made pastor at Lustnau, near Tubingen, in 17157, where he was brought into contact with the notabilities and students of the university, and sought to benefit the latter by the delivery of private lectures on Biblical
St. Mary's, Devizes, Wilts, cir. 1450.