198 SABBATH-DAY'S JOURNEY
week at the commencement of the year, so that the 7th, 14th, and 2lst of iS'isan were always Sabbath daj-s. He imagines that '• the morrow after the Sabbath" from which Pentecost was reckoned was the 22d day of the month, the day after the proper termination of the Pass- over. He is well answered by Biihr {Si/mbolik; ii, 020), who refers especially to Josh, v, 11, as proving, in con- nection with the law in Lev. xxiii, 14, that the omer was oflfered on tlie lOth of the month. It should be observed that the words in that passage, "/"|iX"^ "i^^?:', mean merely corn of the land, not, as in the A. V., "the old corn of the land." " The morrow after the Pass- over" (npStl ri^ri'D) might at first sight seem to ex- press the loth of Nisan; but the expression may, on the whole, with more probability, be taken as equiva- lent to " the morrow after the Sabbath," that is, the IGth day. See Keil on Josh, v, 11; Masius and Drn- sius, on the same text, in the Crit. Sac. ; Biihr, Si/mb. ii. 621; Selden, Be Anno Cicili, c. vii ; Bartenora. in Chafjir/ali, ii, 4; Buxtorf, Syn. Jud.yoh xx ; Fagius, in Lev. xxiii, 15; Drusius, A'oice ifajores in Lev. xxiii, 16. It is worthy of remark that the Sept. omits ry tTrau- piov rov -Klwya, according to the texts of Tischendorf and Theile. — Smith. See Passovek; Pentecost. But there is strong ground for the Karaitic interpreta- tion. See Sadbatii (sujn-a).
Sabbath, Second after the First (Luke vi, 1). See Secoxd-fiust Sabbath.
Sabbathae'us (Srt/3/3arn(oc), a Gra?cized form (Esdr. ix, 14) of the Heb. name (Ezra x, 15) Shab- bethai (q. v.).
Sabbatliai Zebi (i. e. "''2'^, the gazelle, orbeanly, a family ailjunct), a famous Jewish impostor, was born in Smj-rna, July, 1641. When a child he was sent to a IJabbinic school and instructed in the whole cycle of Kabblnic lore. When fifteen years of age, he betook him- self to the study of the Cabala, rapidly mastered its mysteries, and became peerless in his knowledge of " those things which were revealed and those things which were hidden;" and at the age of eighteen ob- tained the honorable appellation oisage (C-H), deliver- ing public lectures, and expounding the divine law and the esoteric doctrine before crowded audiences. At the age of twenty-four, he revealed to his disciples that he was tlie Messiah, the son of David, the true Redeemer, and that he was to redeem and deliver Israel from their captivity among the Christians and Mohammedans. At the same time he publicly pronounced the Tetragram- maton as it is written, to do which, it is well known, was not permitted, save to the high-priest during the existence of the Temple, when he performed service in the Holy of Holies on the day of atonement, thus brav- ing the rule that " the penalty of death is pronounced on him who utters the Tetragrammaton publicly." When the sad intelligence reached the sages of Smyr- na, they sent to him two messengers of the Beth-din (ecclesiastical tribunal) to warn him, and to caution him that if he should so trespass again they would excom- municate him, and even consider it a meritorious action for any one to take his life. But Sabbathai replied that he was allowed to do so, being the anointed of (Jod. Hearing this, the sages of Smyrna were much affright- ed, and having deliberated together what to do, tiicy decreed unanimously tliat he was guilty of deatli for two reasons: firstly, because he had uttered the name of the Lord according to its letters, and, secondly, because he pretended to be the Messiah. Therefore they excom- municated him, and proclaimed it a meritorious action for any one to slay him, and the fine imposed on the slayer by tlie laws of the Mohammedans they promised to pay. Now, when Sabbathai saw that evil was deter- mined against him, he fled from Smyrna to Salonica, where he was received with great honor, liis evil deeds having not yet been known there. Many disciples also
gathered around him to learn the science of the Cabala, and all the inhabitants of Salonica revered him and loved him more than any other man. But after having been there for a considerable time, he fell again into his former error, and repeated his former transgression, ut- tering the name of the Lord according to its letters in the presence of his disciples; and when his pupils asked him wherefore he did so, he replied that he was the anointed, and that it was therefore lawful for him to do so. The sages of Salonica, having heard of this repeat- ed offence, sent to him two messengers of the Beth-din, ordering him to quit Salonica, otherwise he would be put to death, because he had wrought folly in Israel. Knowing that the Jews had more power at Salonica than in any other country, he secretly fled to Athens, and thence into Morea. But he foimd no refuge there, for the inhabitants of Morea, being informed that he had been expelled from Salonica, also drove him away, lie then went through Greece to Alexandria, from this city to Cairo, and thence to the Holy Land, as far as Jerusa- lem, where he remained for several years, teaching the Cabala, proclaiming himself as the Messiah, anointing prophets, and converting thousands upon thousands. So numerous were the believers in him that in many places trade was entirely stopped; the Jews wound up their affairs, disposed of their chattels, and made them- selves read}' to be redeemed from their captivity and led by Sabbathai Zebi back to Jerusalem. The consuls of Europe were ordered to inquire into this extraordinary movement, and the governors of the East reported to the sultan the cessation of commerce. Sabbathai Zebi was then arrested by order of the sultan Mohammed IV, and taken before him at Adrianople. The sultan s)5oke to him as follows : " I am going to test tin' ]\Ics- siahship. Three poisoned arrows sliall be shot into thee, and if they do not kill thee, I too will believe that thou art the Messiah." He saved himself by embracing Islamism in the presence of the sultan, who gave him the name Effendi, and appointed him Kapidji- Bashi. Sabbathai died Sept. 10, 1676, after having ruined thou- sands upon thousands of Jewish families. The litera- ture on this pseudo-Messiah is very rich. See Fiirst, BibL Jiid. iii, 184 sq. ; Griitz, Gesch. d. Juden, x, 205 sq.; note 3, p. 23 sq. ; Jost, Gesch. d. Judenth. u. s. Secten, iii, 153 sq. ; Ginsburg, Kabbalah, p. 139; Basnage, Ilisfnire des Juifs (Taylor's transl.), p. 701 ; Theolof/isches Uni- re?sal- Lexilon, s. v. ; Milman,./yMf. of the Jeirs, iii, 369 sq. ; Da Costa, Israel and the Gentiles, p. 475 sq. ; Schmucker, Hist, of the Modern Jews, p. 226 sq. See Messiahs, False. (B. P.)