Sadami'as (Vulg. Sadamias, the Greek original being lost), given in the Apocrypha (2 Esdr. i, 1) in- stead of SnALLUJi (q. v.) in the ancestry of Ezra (Ezra vii, 2).
Sadanaua (the f/od with six faces), in Hindfl my- thology, is a surname of the twelve-handed Skanda, who was born to Shiva the Destroyer by the two sisters Ganga and Ulma. Sadanaua slew the giant Torake by cutting him through the middle, and then transformed half of the body into a peacock, upon which he rides. He is greatly revered in India, and has man}' pagodas^ — Vollmer, Worterb. d. Mythol. s. v.
Sa'das (Sac^ac v. r. 'Aarai, 'Apyai), a corrupt Graacized form (1 Esdr. v, 13) of the name Azgad (q. v.) of the Heb. text (Ezra ii, 12).
Saddae'tis (or rather Daddw'us [as in 1 Esdr. viii, 46], AaCcalo^, v. r. AoXSalog. AocSaloc, and Ao- caloi;). a corrupt Gra>cized form (1 Esdr. viii, 45) of the name Iddo (q. v.) of the Hebrew text (Ezra viii, 17).
Saddle (S^Tp, merkdb, a "chariot" [1 Kings iv, 26 ; Heb. v, 6] ; also a seat in a chariot or other vehicle, "saddle" [Lev. xv, 9J ; " covering" ofa palanquin [Cant, iii, 10]). See Chariot.
The word which our translators elsewhere (Gen.xxii, 3 ; Numb, xxii, 21 ; Judg. xix, 10 ; 2 Sam. xvi, 1 ; xvii, 23; 1 Kings ii, 40; xiii, 13, 23, 27; 2 Kings iv, 24) ren- der by "to saddle" literally signifies "to bind about" (as Exod. xxix, 9; Jon. ii,"6, and often)— namely, with the bags or panniers used for richng or carrying burdens. It is certain tliat saddles were unknown for many ages after the custom of riding had been introduced. Those who did not ride bareback were contented with placing a piece of leather or cloth between them and their steed. As luxury advanced, a soft cushion was intro- duced, to which were added various ornamental trap- pings, and these were soon carried to a ridiculous excess
SADDUC
234
SADDUCEE
of ostentation. Saddles, properly so called, were in all probability invented by the Persians, perhaps for the sake of i^iving a steady seat to their mounted archers, a part of their military force to which they always paid the greatest attention. Pack-saddles must have been a much earlier invention, for something was obviously
Ancient Egyptian Saddles.
necessary to prevent the backs of animals bearing heavy burdens from being ehafe<l by the loads (see Kitto, Pict. Bihlf, at .hidg. xix, 10). See Ass; Camel; Hoksk. The ordinary ])ack-saddles of tlie camels were high, and made of wood; carpets, cloths, etc., were heaped upon it, to form a comfortable seat for ladies who do not use the cradle, or hamper, while travelling. The cloths, etc., were removed at the end of the day's journey, and. lieing laid on the ground, served as a sort of mattress in tiie tent, on wliich a person might sit or lie down, while he reclined against the pack-saddle itself (Gen. xxxi, 34).
Sad'duc (or rather Sciddu'ciis, ^dSSovicog, v. r. ^acSouXovKog), the Griecized form (1 Esdr. viii, 2) of the name of Zabok (q. v.), the high-priest, one of Ezra's ancestors (Ezra vii, 2).
Sad'ducee (strictly Sadducce'an, 'EaC^ovicaloc [Matt, iii, 7; xvi, 1, 6, 11, 12; xxii, 2.% 34; Mark xii, 18; Luke XX, 27; Acts iv, 1 ; v, 17; xxiii, 6, 7, 8]), the usual designation of one of the three sects or orders of .Judaism in the time of Christ, the other two being the Essenes and the Pharisees. (This article is mainly based upon that of Ginsburg in Kitto's Cydopoedia.) .See Sfx r.s, .Ikwi.su.
I. Name of tht Sect and its Signification. — According to the current tradition of the Jews, the appellation Cp^n^. Tsiidditkim, of which ^aCCovKa'ioi = Sudducaii is the (ireek f(jrm (used by .Josephus and the New Test, as above), is derived from Zailok, the name of the found- er of this sect, who was a disciple of Antigonus of Soho, B.C. 200-170. See Sciioou This is not only declared in the Ahoth di RaUn Xallnin (cap. v), but by Saadia < Jaon, 892-942 .\. I).; by K. Xathan(cir. 1030-1 ibd A.D.), in his lexicon called .1 ruch, s. v. "pcir'^2 ; by ISIaimon- i<tes (113.5-1 204 A.D.), in his commentary on A both (i, 3), liut by the greatest .Jewish authorities since the 9th cen- tury of the Christian rera. Dr. Geiger, who. in his I'r- schii/t mid UfhersetzHnfjen di'v JiiM ()>. Kio), argues in a most elaborate manner that there are not sullicient historical data for deriving the name Sadducee fntm Zddok; a i\\sc\[th' of .Vutigonus of Soho, derives it, never- theless, from this iirojjor name, whicli he assigns to an- other per.-ion of an earlier date, as will be seen in the se- quel. Epipiianius, liowever, seems to derive it from a double source— viz. from a proper name Zadok, and from the Hebrew noun p"1^. rii/litciitiKtwss.i. He says that they call themselves Sad(bicees because this name is de- rived from ri;//itfoiisnes.i, as Zfdck- denotes rii//itpoiism'ss ( K7ro)'<)/irt»oiiT()' iavToi'C ^acCovKtiiovQ cFiBtv avo (iKatanni'm- r//(j 'hTriK\l)afio(2 op/(w/(f )';;<; • mctK yup ipfirii'fi'fTat ('iKcitDTrt't)), and that there was also an- ciently a priest named Zudok, but tliey did not continue
in the doctrines of their (fTriffrarije) chief (Adversus Hcereses, i, 14). Dr. Low rejects altogether the deriva- tion of Sadducee from the proper name Zadok, for the following reasons : (1.) Because there is no precedent in the whole ancient Jewish historj- for the followers of a sect to be called by the name of the chief of the sect, and that it is as contrary to the genius of the Hebrew if "ipil^i is taken as the proper name pt"^, with i ap- pended, to translate it a follower of Zudok, as it would be to render "^T^I'S")"^, a follower of Jeroboam. (2.) The older Talmudic literature knows nothing of Zadok and Boethus, the supposed originators of the Sadducees. (3.) The Sadducees, as is evident from ancient sources, called themselves C'^p'^'l^, the riyhteous (Epiphaiiius, Adver- sus Ihereses, i, 1, 4). Hence Dr. Low concludes that, in harmony with his Hebrew name p'^'^^, the Sadducee called himself in (ireek (v^i'Q, the straiyhtforiKud, open, honest, riyhteous, and that the opponents of this sect changed both the honorable Hebrew appellation O'^p'^'iS into n^'pn^J (hence the singular '^^^1'^ = Sadducee)^ and the Greek name tii^vQ, which is written in Hebrew DirnS (according to the analogy of D'13"';2X = t('iyfi'//(^), into Dir'^a, from which originated D ''Oin'^3, Boethu- sians. He moreover maintains that it is for this rea- son that the Talmud makes no distinction between the Sadducees and the Boethusians {Ben-Chananja, i, 346 sq.). This definition of the appellation Sadducee is entirely speculative, and its soundness must be deter- mined by an examination of the rise, progress, and doc- trines of the Sadducees. Besides, the first objection against the derivation of ''pTlil from the proper name pn^ is set aside by the fact that the first Karaites called themselves W'^'^^'S , followers of A nan, Ananites ; so that "^33y, an A nanite, is an exact parallel to "'pilU, a Zadokite. Still more speculative, and altogether unique, is the opinion of Kiister that " Sadduc-ee is simjily a different form of Stoic" {Sizidien iind Kritiken, 1837, p. 164). According to some readings the Sad- ducees also called themselves D'^X"ip, Scriptiiralists, Biblefollowei-s, Karaites (Megilla, 24 b ; Jerusalem Me- yilla, iv, 9), because they adhered to the written law. This is in perfect accordance with the ancient custom of calling a Biblical student by the honorable Hebrew appellati(m X^;? (formed according to the analogy of 'l!^T'); or by the Aramaic form ^np (defective of X"'1"ip), or "'l^p, formed according to the analogy of "^ST. Thus Chanina, Abba Chalifa, Eliezer ben-Simon, and Levi ben-Sisi.were designated by this titXa^Taaniih, 27 b; Baba Bathra, 123; Midrash Rahba on Lerif.caj), XXX ; Jalkut, On the Sony ofSonys, § 533) ; and the Tal- mud tells us that those were deemed worth}- of this name " who understood how to read accurately the law, the prophets, and the Hagiographa" (comp. Kiddushin, 42; Flirst, Karaerthum, p. 129).