proper); 3, as a verb, to scale the walls of a city (MPS', olah, Prov. xxi, 22, to yo up, as elsewhere often). See Ladder.
Before the introduction of coins, balances were of the utmost importance for the weighing of gold and silver in every commercial transaction (Gen. xxiii, 16; xliii, 21 ; Isa. xlvi, 6 ; Jer. xxxii, 9), so that a balance was re- quired to be of exquisite delicacy. Allusions to this are found in Isa. xl, 15 ; Ecclus. xxviii, 29, " small dust of the balance," " a little grain of the balance ;" and all dis- honesty in the treatment of the scales is sternly forbid- den and denounced (Lev. xix, 35 ; Hos. xii, 7 ; Amos viii, 6 ; Mic. vi, 11 ; Prov. xi, 1 ; xvi, 11). Hence arose the Rabbinic rule that the scales should be made of marble which could not wear away. The above term 032, ^j«- les (rendered "weight" Prov. xvi, 11 [Sept. po7r;/J, and " scales" Isa. xl, 12 [Sept. (Tra^/uoc]), is said by Kimchi (on Isa. xxvi, 7) to be properly the beam of the balance. In his Lexicon he says it is the part in which the tongue moves, and which the weigher holds in his hand. Gesenius (Thesaur. s. v.) supposed it was a steelyard. That the steelyard was an invention known
Tnitiiia, or Steelyard. (From the Aluseum of the Capitol at Rome.)
to the ancients is certain, for specimens of them, elab- orately adorned, have been found at Pompeii and Her- culaneum (Mus. Borboit. i, 55). Still it was probably not known until the Roman a;ra, and indeed is said to have been called Trutina Campana, from its invention in Campania (Smith, Diet, of Class. A rit. s. v. " Trutina"), No traces of its use have been found either in the tombs or temples of Egypt or Assyria, and this is a sufficient ))roof that the instrument was unknown in those coun- tries. Hence there is no evidence that this instrument was known to the Hebrews, Of the material of which
Ancient Assyrian Scales. (From the sculptures at Khor- sabad.)
SCALIGEll
395 SCANDINAVIAN VERSIONS
the balance was made we have no information. See Balajjce.
It is thought that the Jews knew the constellation Libra as one of tlie signs of the zodiac (2 Kings xxiii, 5 ; Job xxxviii, 32 j. See Astkonomy.
Scaliger, Joseph Justus, son of Julius Ctesar Scal- iger, a learned critic, and his rival in learning and ar- rogance, was born, in 1540, at Agen, and was educated at the college of Bordeaux, and, tinally, by his father and 'I'urnebus. Languages he acquired with wonder- ful ease, and is said to have been master of no less than thirteen. His friends denominated him "an ocean of science," and " the masterpiece of nature." He died in 1(J09, professor of belles-lettres at Levden. His works, most of which are commentaries on the classics, are nu- merous. Of his other productions, one of the most valuable is the treatise De Einendatione Temporum.
Scall (invariably pn3, nethel; the mam/e, or dis- eased falling-out of the hair of the head or beard, Lev. xiii, 30 sq.). See Leprosy.
Scalp C^plp, kodkod, Psa. xlviii, 21 ; " pate," Psa. vii, IG; the crown of the head [as elsewhere rendered], so called from the parthuj of the hair at that spot).
Scamander, in Greek mythology, was (1) a son of Oceanus and Tethys, a river-god in Troas, original!}' named Xanthus. He married the nymph lda;a, and became the father of Teucer and Glaucia. Hector's son, ordinarily called Astyanax, bore the appellative Scamandrius, derived from the name of this deity. (2) A nephew of the above, the son of Glaucia and Deima- chus.
Scamandrodice, in Greek mythology, was the name occasionally given to Culyce, the mother of Cyc- nus.
Scamilli, plain blocks or subplinths, placed under columns, statues, etc., to elevate them. They differ from ordinary pedestals in having no mouldings about them, and in being usually of smaller size.
SCsandinavia, a large peninsula in the north of Europe, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean ; on the west by the Atlantic, North Sea, Scager Hack, Cat- tegat, and Sound, on the south and east by the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Finland, with which it is con- nected by an isthmus 325 miles wide. This peninsula includes the two kingdoms Norwa}' (q. v.) and Sweden (q. v.). The ancient Scandinavia, or l^candia, included Northern Denmark as well as the peninsula that still retains the name. It is tirst mentioned by Pliny, who, unaware that the peninsula was attached to Finland on the north, considered Scandinavia as an island.
Scandinavian Architecture. IMany of the earlier Norwegian and Swedish cathedrals were built bj' English or French workmen. There were six basil- icas in Norway, with towers at the end of the choir- aisles. In Denmark there are eight round churches and one octagonal. Koeskilde, Ribe, and Thorsager are apsidal; but the general characteristics of the Dan- ish churches are a square east end, and an immense south porch and parvise. The wooden churches of Nor- way are probably of Byzantine origin, the plans having been brought back by the Varangians. — Walcott, »!>'((- cred ArcluKolnr/i/, s. v.
Scandinavian Mythology. See Nokse My- thology.
Scandinavian Versions.— 1. The Norse or Ice- landic.— The first version into this language was made by Oddur Gotshalkson, son of a bisliop of Holum, in Iceland. He attended the lectures of Luther and Me- lancthon, and on his return to Iceland entered upon a translation of the Scriptures. To avoid persecution, he commenced his work in a small cell in a cow-house, and completed the New Test, in 1539. Finding it difficult, from the state of public opinion, to print it in Iceland,