19. (Dlb'U D^'CJ) "Oh, grant peace, happiness, and bless- ing, grace, favor, and mercy unto us, and all thy people Israel; bless us, even all of us together, O onr Father! with the light of thy countenance; for by the light of thy countenance hast thou given us, O Lord our God, the law of life, benevolent love, righteousness, blessing, mercy, life, and peace ; and may it please thee to bless thy people Israel at all times with thy peace."
In the prayer-books of the so-called Reformed Jews, these benedictions and all such as allude to the bring- ing back to Jerusalem and to the Messiah have under- gone very great changes. The tirst and last three are considered to be the most ancient. They are undoubt- edly of the Sopherite age, and probably belong to the time of Simon the Just. The others belong to tive or six epochs, extending over a period of three hundred years. The benedictions are mentioned in the JMishna, Rosh hash-Shanuh, c. iv ; Beracluifh. iv, 3 , Tosiphta Berachoth, c. iii ; Jerusalem Bej'uchot/i, c. ii , Megilla, 17 a. See Zunz, Gottesdienstliche Vortrdr/e tier Juden, p. 367 sq. ; Schlirer, Lehrbuch der neutestamentlischen Zeitgeschichte, p. 499 sq. (B. P.)
Shem-Tob (miJ WC, i. e. good mime), a name common to many Jewish writers, of whom we mention the following :
1. Bkn-Abr.vh.^ji Ibn-Gaon, a famous Cabalist, born 1283, died about 1332, the author of many Cabalistic works.
2. Ben-Shem-Tob, who died in 1430, is the author of mrT^xn IED, or the Book of Faithfulness, in which he attacks the Jewish philosophers Aben-Ezra, Maimonldes, Levi ben-Gershon, etc., and denounces the students of philosophy as heretics, maintaining, how- ever, that the salvation of Israel depends upon the Cab- ala. He also wrote mim 3" nVJTl, or homilies on the Pentateuch, the feasts and fasts, etc., in which the Cabalistic doctrines are fully propounded.
3. Isaac Shapritt, a native of Tudela. He was a celebrated philosopher, physician, and Talmudist, and wrote, under the title of "jHS '(-X, The Touchstone, a polemical work against Christianity, inveighing bitterh' against the doctrines of the Trinity, incarnation, tran- substantiation, etc. One portion of the book consists
of a translation of Matthew's Gospel into Hebrew, said to be so unfairly performed that, among other faults, the names in the genealogy are grossly mis- spelled, and are therefore of no avail for comparison with the Old Test. To each chapter are subjoined questions for Christians to an.swer. An appendix to the work is called ■' Replies to Alfonso the Apostate." The MS. is still in Rome, and dated at Turiasso, Old Castile, 1340. He also wrote Remarks on Aben-Ezras Commen- tary on the [jUw under the title n;"S ri;su, and The Garden of Pomegranates, D'^DI^^ DTTS, exiilaining the allegories of the Talmud.
See Fiirst, Bibl. Jiid. iii, 259, 265 sq. ; De Rossi, Di- zionario Storico, p. 289, 301 sq. ; id. Bibl. Jud. A ntichrisi, p. 103 sq. ; Ginsburg, 7'he Kubaluh, p. Ill, 122; Lindo, History of the Jews in Spain, p. 159; Finn, Sephardim, p. 308 sq. ; Steinschneider, Jewish Literature, p. 127 ; Griitz, Gesch. d. Juden, viii, 23 sq. ; Cassel, Lehrbuch der jiid. Gesch. u. Literatur, p. 283, 257, 302,304, 316. (B. P.)
Shemu'el (Heb. ShemueV, ^N^'^TT, heard of God, the same as Samuel [q. v.]), the name of three He- brews.
1. (Sept. 'S.aXaiuovX.) Son of Ammihud aiid com- missioner from the tribe of Simeon, among those ap- pointed bv Moses to divide Palestine (Numb, xxxiv, 20). B.C^ 1618.
2. (Sept. Sn/ioin/\.) A more correct Anglicism (1 Chron. vi, 33) of the name of the prophet Samuel (q.v.).
3. (Sept. 'l(Tafiovi)\.) A descendant of Tola, the son of Issachar, among the chiefs of that tribe in David's time (1 Chron. vii, 2). B.C. 1014.
Shen (Heb. with the art,, hash-Shen, ""^-"n, the tooth ; Sept, j) iraXcna , Vulg. Sen'), a place mentioned only in 1 Sam. vii, 12, defining the spot at which Samuel set np the stone Ebenezer to commemorate the rout of the Philistines. The pursuit had extended to " below Beth- car," and the stone was erected "between the Mizpah and between the Shen." The Targum has Shinna. The Peshito-Syriac and Arabic versions render both Beth- car and Shen by Beit-Jasnn, evidently following the Sept., which appears to have read '{C^, yashan, i. e. old. The name indicates not a village, but merely a sharp rock or conspicuous crag in the vicinity, like Seneh (I Sam. xiv, 4). See Ebenezkk.
Shena'zar (Heb. Shenatstsai-' , '^^'S.'2'C, fiery tooth [Gesenius], or splendid leader [Fiirst]; Sept. Soi'SfTfip V. r. Sarau'ip), fourth named of the seven sons of king Jeconiah, or Jehoiakim, bom during his captivity (I Chron. iii, 18), B.C. post 606.
She'nir (Heb. Shenir', "I'^DtJ [so in Deut. iii, 9; Cant. IV, 8, but in 1 Chron. v, 23 , Ezek. xxvii, 5, Senir', "i^I'O], Geseinus, "coat of mail, or cataract;" Fiirst, "either a projecting monntam-peak or swo?<!-mountain;" Sept. 'S.ainp v. r. Stj'fip), the Amoritish name for the mountain in the north of Palestine (Deut. iii. 9, Ezek. xxvii) which the Hebrews called Uermon, and the Phoe- nicians jSz'/w;;,- or i)erha|)S it was a name rather for a por- tion of the mountain than for the whole. In 1 Chron. V, 23, and Cant, iv, 8, Hermon and it are menti(nied as distinct. Abiilfeda (ed. Kohler, p. 164, quoted by Ge- senius) reports that the part of Antilebanon north of Damascus — that usually (ienominated Jcbel esh-Shurky, "the East Mountain" — was in his day called Senir, The use of the word in Ezekiel is singular. In describ- ing Tyre we should naturally expect to find the Phceni- cian name (Sirion) of the mountain employed, if the or- dinary Israelitish name (Hermon) were discarded. That it is not .so may show that in the time of Ezekiel the name of Senir had lost its original significance as an Amoritish name, and was em[)loyed without that re- striction. The Targum of .Joseph on 1 Chron. v, 23 (e'd. Beck) renders Senir by "^pS '^^'i"'''2 T^i::, of which the