sages where seafaring is alluded to in the Old Test, are the following in order: Gen. xlix, 13, in the prophecy of Jacob concerning Zebulun (Sept. Ka-uiKijcn nap' opfiov TrXoi'o))'); Numb, xxiv, 24, in Balaam's prophecy (where, however, ships are not mentioned in the Sept.) ; Deut. xxviii, 68, in one of the warnings of Moses {airoarpi-xj^ti at Ki'ipiof lii; A.'ijvTZTOv iv TrXoioif) ; Judg. v, 17, in Deborah's Song (Aai' t/f ri TrapoiKil TrXofotf). Next after these it is natural to mention tlie illustrations and descriptions connected with this subject in Job (ix, 26, f; K«i iari J'avcjip 'i\i'og oOor') and in the Psalms (xlvii [xlviii], 7, iv nvti'i-uiTi /SiaitjU avt'Tpi'^tig nXola Oap- att; ; ciii [civ], 26, t«t TrXoia cunroptvovTcn; cvi, 23, oi KarafiaivovTef; fi'c ^aXaaaav iv irXoioti;). Prov. xxiii, 34 may also be quoted. To this add xxx, 19 (rpilSovg vi]0(^ notTOTropovmjg) ; xxxi, 14 (vavg Ifi- TToptvofiivt] naKpo^Ev). Solomon's own ships, which maj' have suggested some of these illustrations (1 Kings ix, 26, 2 Chron. viii, 18; ix, 21), have previously been mentioned. We must notice the disastrous expedition of Jehoshaphat's shi]is from the same port of Ezion- geber (1 Kings xxii, 48, 49 ; 2 Chron. xx, 36, 37). The passages which remani are in the prophets, especially Isaiah and Ezekiel. In the former prophet the gen- eral term "ships of Tarshish" is variously given in the Sept., ttXoTov daXdamjQ (Isa. ii, 16), TrXoIrt iiapxt]- Snvoc; (xxiii, 1, 14), nXo7a Hapnig (Ix, 9). For another allusion to seafaring, see xliii, 14. The celebrated 27th chapter of Ezekiel ought to be carefuUj' studied in all its detail ; and in Jonah i, 3-16 the following technical phrases in the Sept. (besides wliat has been already adduced) should be noticed : vai'Xov (ver. 3), avirpi- ^tji'OL (ver. 4), iKl3oX)]v iTroujctnTO rioi' atcmivv, tov Kov(pi<y^Flvai (ver. 5), kottuuh i) SraXaaaa (ver. 11, 12). In Dan. xi, 40 {mn'ox^Wtrai jSocnXtvg tov Boppd iv lip^aai K((t iv 'iTTTTiviyi Kcil iv vaval TroXXaif) we touch the subject of ships of war.
3. Ships of Wur in the Apocrypha. — Military opera- tions both by land and water {iv rij BnXaaa?^ Kai ini Ttig Eiipdg, 1 Mace, viii, 23, 32) are prominent sid jects in the books of Maccabees. Thus in the contract be- tween Judas IMaccabteus and the Romans it is agreed (ver. 26, 28) that no supplies are to be afforded to the enemies of either, whether aiTog, ottXo, dpyvpiov, or TrXoja. In a later passage (xv, 3) we have more ex- plicitly, in the letter of king Antiochus, 7rXoT« iroXifii- Ka (see ver. 14), while in 2 Mace, iv, 20 (as observed above) the word rpilipug, "galleys," occurs in the ac- count of the proceedings of the infamous Jason. Here we must not forget the monument erected by Simon ]\Iaccaba;us on his father's grave, on which, with other ornaments and military symbols, were TrXoia iinyiyXiip- ^lii'a, f((,' rd Buooiln^iii inro irdvTMV twv trXt6vTi<JV Tt)v baXaaoav (1 Mace, xiii, 29). Finally must be mentioned the noyadc at Joppa, when the resident .lews, ■ with their wives aud children, 200 iu number, were in-
Aucicut Ship of the largest size. (From a painting at Pompeii.)
SHIP
693
SHIP
Ancient Egyptian Ship of the largest size. (From the sculptures iu the Grotto of Eleuthernm.)
duced to go into boats and were drowned (2 Mace, xii, 3, 4), with the vengeance taken by Judas (rov jiev \i- fjieva viiKTiop tvtwprjffE Kal to. (7Kn(pj] KaT't<p\t^i, ver. 6). It seems sufficient simplj' to enumerate the other pas- sages in the Apocrypha wbere some allusion to seafar- ing is made. They are the following: Wisd. v, 10; xiv, 1; Ecclus. xxxiii,'2; xliii, 24; 1 Esd. iv, 23.
Modern Levantiue Ship. In row-boats the rowers are seated on the cross- beams {Kvya, in Latin framtra'), hence called zyyitoe. Before the invention of gunpowder, naval combats were necessarily at close quarters; but to enable the soldiers (tTTi/Snrat) to fight without interfering with the row- ers, a platform or gangway {-KapoCoc) was laid on the top of the bulwarks which surround the deck, projecting partly over the side and partly over the deck. Upon this they fought; and, where great speed was required, as in pursuit or flight, the tighting-men rowed, in which case movable seats or stools (3pai'ot) were requisite for them to sit upon, and from these they were called ihra- nifes. It ajipears, therefore, that from the necessity of the case, tighting-vessels must have had more than one rank of rowers, just as the natives of the South Seas both fight and row from the outriggers of their canoes. The adjoining cut represents the upper rank,
Coin of Hadrian, showing a Trireme,
or thranites, rowing from the gangway. It is right to explain that the artist has contrived to give the details of the bow and stern, by introducing only one fourth of the straight part of the ship where the rowers were seated. Otherwise, if done to a scale, a long low vessel would have appeared on a coin little more than a mere line.
As the size of the vessels was increased, and they were decked over, the zygitis retained their name, but were necessarily placed upon raised seats. Upon trial it was found that an additional rank of rowers, seated on the deck between the oars of the primitive rank, could, by keeping time, row without difHculty. As these were seated nearer the side of the ship, and under the gang- way or sheltered portion of the deck, which was called the thalamus, or sleeping -place, thej' were called ihal- amites. Hence the three ranks of rowers in a trireme were the thranites, zygites, and thalamites ; and hence the vertical distance between the rowers was only one half of the horizontal distance, or only eighteen inches, instead of six feet, as is usually supposed.