Having secured the suppression of the slav^e-trade, philaiithro|)ists turned their attention to efforts to se- cure the emancipation of the slave himself. After con- siderable agitation, an emancipation bill passed both houses of the English Parliament, and obtained the roy- al sanction Aug. 28, 1833. Slavery was to cease Aug. 1, 1834, l)ut the slaves were for a certain duration of time to be apprenticed laiiorers to their former owners. This was objected to, and the complete disfranchisement took place in 1838. The slave-owners were iiidemnilied in the sum of £20,000,000. The French emancipated their negroes in 18-18. as did most of the new re|)ublics of .South America at the time of the Ilcvolution, while the Dutch slaves received their freedom in 18ti3. In Hayti slavery ceased in 1791, its abolition being the re- sult of an insurrection of that year. In Brazil a law for the grailual emauci|)ation of slaves was passed in 1871. A recent treaty between (ireat Britain and the sultan of Zanzibar .secures in (iromise the s])eedy abolition of the slave-trade on the opposite eastern coast of Africa. Ill the Unit(!d States the feeling was generally averse to slavery at the Lime of their founding, and in some of the .Soutlierii states that feeling was stronger than in most of the Northern. Vermont abolislied slavery in 1777, before she joined the Union; Pennsylvania, in 1780, provideil for general emaiu'i()ation. In Jlassachu- setta the alxdition of slavery was provided for by the
constitution of 1780. Rhode Island gradually emanci- pated her slaves, and had but tive left in 1840; New York adopted a gradual emancipation act in 1799, and in 1817 passed another act declaring all her slaves free on July 4, 1827. New Jersey pursued the same course in 1804. The increase in the demand for cotton and the invention of the cotton-gin made slavery very prof- itable, and |)rol)abry prevented voluntary emancipation by the Sonthern states. In 1820, when Missouri was admitted into the Union as a slave state, the "Missouri Compromise" was entered into, by which slavery was legalize<l to the south, but prohibited to the north, of 30^ 30' N. lat. The South obtained in compensation an amendment of the Fugitive-slave Law, making it penal to harbor runaway slaves or aid in their escape. In Boston, Mass.. Jan. 1, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison began to oppose slavery in The I,iber(itoi\ and on Jan. 1, 1832, the first emancipation society was formed, on the basis that " slaveholding is a sin against (Jod and a crime against humanity; that immediate emancipation was the right of every slave and the duty of every mas- ter." This society was organized in Boston, by twelve men, with Arnold Buffum as president. Very soon the results of their efforts were manifest in the religious sects and parties. In 1840 some of its members seceded and formed the "American and Foreign Antislavery Society," and the same year the " Liberty party" was organized, which was mostly absorbed by the " Free-soil party" in 1848. This party was in turn absorbed by the Kepubli- can party, which in 18G0 elected Abraham Lincoln presi- dent. The " American Abolition Society" was f()rmed in Boston in 1855, to advocate the view that the na- tional government had the constitutional right to abol- ish slavery from every part of the Union. In 18.59 the " Church Antislavery Society" was organized for the purpose of convincing ministers and people that slavery was a sin. In the same year an attempt was made by John Brown and his followers to subvert slavery, but it was defeated. The secession of the states forming the Confederate States (1861) wholly changed the relation of the government towards slavery. War soon fol- lowed, notwithstanding the assurances of Mr. Lincoln of his purpose to abide faithfully by all constitutional compromises relating to slavery. In May, 1861, major- general Butler, of the department of Eastern Virginia, declared all slaves who had been employed for mil- itary purposes of the confederacy to be contraband of war. The president recommended, March 2. 1862, that Congress adopt a resolution " that the United States, in order to co-operate with any state which may adopt gradual abolition of slaverv, give to such state pecun- iary aid, to be used b}' such state in its discretion, to compensate it for the inconvenience, public and private, produced by such change of system." The resolution was adopted, but produced no effect. Mr. Lincoln is- sued a proclamation on Sejit. 22, 1862, declaring his in- tention to announce that on .Ian. 1, 18t!3, all persons held 1)3' any state, or jiart of a state, which shoidd then be in rebellion, should be free. The final proclamation of freedom was issued Jan. 1, 1863. On June 9, 1862, Congress passed an act declaring that "from and after the passage of this act there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the territories now ex- isting," etc. On .June 2.3, 18t;4, all laws for the rendi- tion of fugitive slaves to their masters were repealed. On Jan. 31, 1865, the vofe was taken submitting to the several states for ratification the 13th ameiiduient to the Constitution : " Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a ])uiiishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United .States or any ])lace subject to their jurisdiction." This amendment was approved by twen- ty-seven of the states, and conseipiently adopted. The 14th amendment, adopted in 1867-68, absolutely forbade compensation for loss of slaves being made either by the United .States or by any state. 3. In E'jypt and Ajrica. — Slavery has existed in