STANDARD. This name seems to have been applied formerly to (1) various articles of furniture which were too ponderous to be easily removed, as to large chests, or the massive candlesticks placed before altars in church- es, etc.; (2) also the vertical poles of a scaffold, and the vertical iron bars in a window, or stanchions; (3) it was also ap- plied to the ends ofthe oak bench- es in churches, and that is the common use of the term now. They were often very handsome- ly carved, some- times having poppy-heads and sometimes with- out. A good il- lustration is tak- en from Dorchrs- ter; (4) lar-r standard candle- sticks placed bi - fore altars, e. i;. "Two great standards of lat- en to stande be- fore the high al- tar of Jesu" (Ly- sons. Magna Bri- tannia, i, 716). —
Parker, Gloss, of Dorchester, Oxfordshire.
Architect, s. v.
Standard-bearer (0Gb, noses, one jiimng away, Isa. X, 18; but D013r'2, "lifted up as an ensign," Zech.
Ancient Assyrian Staudurd-bearers in Battle.
STANDERS
986
STANHOPE
ix, ]S). As the Hebrews had banners of various kinds [see Standakk], tlu'V mti>t of course liave had persons specially desii^iied to carry them, although jiarticular mention of such does not occur in the Uible. Among the ancient Kgyptians the post of standard-hearer was at all times one of the greatest importance. He was an officer, and a raan of approved valor, and in the Egyptian array he was sometimes distinguished by a peculiar badge suspended from his neck, which consisted of two lions, the emblems of courage, and other devices (Wilkinson, Am: K;i;ipt. i, 342). Among the ancient Assyrians Standard-bearers enjoyed a like distinguished rank, as is evident from their prominence on the sculptures (Bunomi, Sinei-eh, p, 224 sq.). See Ak.mok-beauek.
Standers ( Lat. consistentes, co-stnnders ), an order of penitents in the i)rimitive Church, so called from their having lil)erty (after the other penitents, ener- gumens, and catechumens were dismissed) to stand with the faithful at tlie altar and join in the common prayers and see tlie oblation offered; but yet they might neither make their own oblations nor partake of the eucharist with the others. This the Council of Nice (can. 11) calls communicating with the people in prayers only, without the oblation ; which, for the crime of idolatry, was to last for two years, after they had been three years hearers and seven years prostrators before. The Council of Ancyra (can. 4) often uses the same phrase of communicating in prayers only, and communi- cating without the oblation: and in one canon (25) ex- pressly styles this order of penitents <jvvi<JTa^nvoi, co- standers; by which name they are also distinguished in the canons of Gregory Thaumaturgus (can. 11), and frequently in the canons of St. Basil. See Bingham, C/iri.it. Aiiliq. bk. xviii, eh. i, § 5.
Standing, as a posture of worship, was the general observance of the whole Church on the Lord's day, and the fifty days between Easter and Pentecost, in memory of our Saviour's resurrection. Justin Martyr {Quast. et Re.y)Oiig. ad Orthodox, qu. 115) says, '• Foras- much as we ought to remember both our fall by sin, and the grace of Christ, by which we rise again from our fall, therefore we pray kneeling six days, as a sym- bol of our fall by sin ; but our not kneeling on the lyord's day is a symljol of the resurrection, whereby through the grace of Christ we are delivered from our sins, and from death, which is mortified thereby." Psal- mody, being esteemed a considerable part of devotion, was usually, if not always, performed standing. An ex- ception was made in the monasteries of Egypt, the monks, by reason of fasting, being unable to stand all the time while twelve psalms were read. Each one 8t<Hid while reading, and at the last psalm they all stiwd lip and rejieated it alternately, adding the Gloria J'ltiri at the end. At the reading of the Gospel it was ordered in- po|)e Anastasiiis that all the people should stand up; and some of the Middle-age ritualists take no- tice of tlicir saying, "(ilory be to thee, () Lord," at the naming of it. Eorinerly those who had staves laid them down as a sign of submission to the (Jospel; and the miliury orders, after the examjile of the Polish king MiecislaH (iHIH), drew their swords. It was usual for the people also to listen to the jireaching in this post- ure, although this was not universal. The eucharist was generally received standing, sometimes kneeling, but never silling.— Bingham, f/irw/.^hi/ij. (see Index). See ArririDK.
Standing- cup, a cup with a bowl, stem, and foot, in coiitradisiiiu!iioii to a cup shaped like a modern tumbler. Many ancient examples of such exist in the plate l»loiit;iiig to the colleges of great universities.
Standing-light. See Stanuaiu).
Standish, a meiliipval term for the inkstand found in the scripinriiim of a monastery, and in the vestry or (tarriily of n cliurcli.
Stanford, David, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal ( hiin h. South, was born in Pike County, O.,
Dec. 14, 1817. He united with the Methodist Episco- pal Church in 1825; was licensed to preach July 10, 1841, and served for fourteen years as a local preacher. In 18G5 he entered the regular ministry of the Chris- tian Union Church, afterwards in connection with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He died at his residence near Clay City, Clay Co., 111., April 1, 1868. See Min. of Coiif. of the M. E. 'CL, South, 18G8, p. 293.