Stephen V (IV), a Roman, created cardinal-deacon by pope Leo HI, who was raised to the papal throne in A.D. 816, but reigned only a few montiis. He caused the discontented Roman population to swear allegiance to Louis the Pious as well as to himself, in order to bring them more completely into his power; and he crowned that monarch emperor. He died in 817. — Herzog, Real- Eiicyklap. s. V.
Stephen VI (V) ascended the papal chair in 885. He negotiated with the emperor Basil of Constantino- ple and his son Leo for a restoration of the peace be- tween the Greek and Roman churches which had been disturbed by Photius (q. v.). Stephen demanded that all clergymen consecrated by Photius should be de- posed, and that those whom the latter had banished or excommunicated should be restored; and Leo conformed to the requirement. The pope was also able to main- tain his position against Charles the Fat, who sought to depose him because he had not obtained secular con- firmation. He crowned the duke Guido of Spoleto as emperor, and died in 891. — Herzog, Real-Encyklop, s. v.
Stephen VII (VI), pope during a few months, in 896-897. On his attaining to the papal dignity he caused the bod\' of his predecessor and personal ene- my, Formosus (q. v.), to be exhimied and mutilated, after which it was thrown into the Tiber. It is alleged that Formosus had, on some former occasion, prevented Stephen from becoming pope. The same partisan fury which enabled Stephen to vent his anger upon a de- ceased enemy brought about his own destruction. He was strangled to death in prison, and his action towards Formosus was condemned by a synod under John IX (898). — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.
Stephen VIII (VII), pope from 929 to 931, belongs to the nimiber of pontiffs who were governed by the no- torious Theodora and Marozia. He is remarkable in no other respect.
Stephen IX (VIII), a German, and related to the emperor Otto the Great, was elevated to the papac}' by the action of clerg}' and people in 939, and reigned un- til 942. He was wholly unable to restrain the shame- less rule of abandoned women in the Church, and, like the other popes of that period, was simply the creature and plaything of a party.
Stephen X (IX), a creature of Hildcbrand [see (iRKGOitY VII], was the son of duke Gotel<in of Nether- Lorraine. His name was Frederick. Pope Leo IX ap- ])ointed him cardinal-deacon and chancellor to the apos- tolical chair. In that capacity he accompanied cardi- nal Humbert as legate to Constantinople, and aided in preventing any reconciliation between the two churches ((•.om\>. Brevis Commemor. eoruni gum Ges.icrunt Apocris. SancUe Rom. Sedis in Reyia Urhe, etc., in A nmd. Kccles. auct. C:es. Baronio [Col. Agripp. 1609], IX, xix, 222; also A mud. Eccles. ex xii Tonus C. Baron. Redacli, opera Henr. Spondani [Mogunt. 1618], p. 824). On his return he became a monk in the Convent of Monte- Casino, and was promoted to be abbot ; and when Victor II died he ascended the papal chair, A.D. 1057, under the name of Stephen. Guided by Hildel)rand, he opposed the immorality of the clergy, es|)ecially with respect to simou}' and concubinage. He appointed the famous Peter Damiani (q. v.) to be bishop of Ostia, an<l entered into negotiations with Agnes, mother of the emperor Henry IV, with a view to secun; the expulsion of the Normans from Italy, and also to insure the elec- tion of bishop Gerard of Florence as his successor (who actually did follow in the pontificate as Niciiolas II);
and, finally, he ordered that the election of a pope should be postponed until the return of Hildebrand from Ger- many, whither he had gone as a legate. lie died in 1058. — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.
Stephen dk Bki.i.aviixe, or de Borbnne, was a Dominican monk at Lyons, and died in 1261. His great \vork, JJc Septem Oom.i Spiritus Sancli. is yet im- ])ublished, tliougli a ))ortion referring to the Cathari and the Waldenses had been issued in D' Argent re, Col- lectio J iidiciorum de Novis Erroribits, i, 85 stp, and more fully in Qu6tif and Echard, Scriptores Urdinis Pr(edica/orum, \, l'.)0 sq. It is found in manuscript in France, England, and Spain. Ste|)licn had jtreachcd in his youth, at Valence, against the Cathari, and was af- terwards made an inquisitor ; he therefore possessed fre- quent opportuinty to learn what were the teachings and customs of the sects found in Southern France. His report of such sects is among the most trustworthy sources of the history of heresies, though sometimes overdrawn. His statements respecting the Lyonese Vaudois are particularly noteworthy, as thej' seem to indicate that these people had adopted some of the views held by the Brethren of the FVee Spirit (q. v.). — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. a. v.
Stephen of Tournay, bom in 1135 at Orleans, France, abbot of the convent of St. Everte at Orleans, and afterwards of St. Genevieve at Paris, was subse- quently made bishop of Tournay, and died in 1203. He was very learned in canon law, but rather nar- row in both theological and philosophical studies. While he complained of the confusion existing with re- spect to science, of the ambition of scholars and their fondness for disputing on matters pertaining to the faith, he was yet unable to discover any remedy for the evils he deplored save the intervention of the papal author- ity. He hoped that in this way greater uniformity of theological instruction might be secured, and that bounds might thus be set to the independence of the teachers. His principal work appears to have been a Siimma de Decretis, only the preface of which is known. Two dis- courses and several letters from his pen are extant, which possess some importance as sources for the histo- ry of his time. The best edition is that of Molinet (Paris, 1679, 8vo). — Herzog, Re(d-Encyklop. s. v.