Stigaud, an English prelate, was chaplain to king Edward the Confessor, and preferred by him tirst to the bishopric of the East Saxons, at Helmhau, in 104.3, and afterwards to Winchester, in 1047. Seeing the king dis- pleased with Robert, the archbisliop, he thrust himself into his room, and kept both Winchester and Canterbury until a little time before his death, when he was forced to forego them both. After William the ('onqueror had slain Harold in the field, all Enghnid yielded to him ex- cept the Kentishmen, wIki, inider the lead of Stigand and Egelsin. demanded their ancient liberties, which William granted. But he conceived a dislike for Sti- gand, and would not allow himself to be crowned by him, but chose Aldred, archbishop of Vork. He took Stigand to Normandv with him, fearing to leave him to " IX.— T T T
plot against him. Shortly after their return, the pope sent cardinals to England to redress certain enormities and abuses of the English clergy. Stigand, believing himself to be the special mark aimed at, hid himself in Scotland with Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, and after- wards in the isle of Ely. Learning that a convocation had been called at Winchester, he went thitlier and be- sought the king to save him from the impending calam- ity. The king rejilied in gentle tones, but assured Sti- gand that wliat was to be done would be by the jiope's authority, which he could not countermand. The causes alleged against him were these: lirst, that \h- had held Canterbury and Winchester both togetlier (which was no strange thing, for St. (Jswald had long before held Worcester with York, and St. Dunstan Worcester with London) ; secondly, that he had invaded the see of Can- terbury, Robert, the archbishop, being yet alive and un- deprived ; and, thirdly, that he presumed to use the pall of his predecessor JJobcrt, left at Canterliury, and had never received any ()all but of pope Benechct, at the time he stood excommunicate for simony and other like crimes. Stigand was put in prison in the Castle of Winchester, and treated with great severity. This was done to force him to confess where his treasure was hidden ; but he protested that he had no money at all. He was deprived in 1069, and died in the same year. The bones of the archbishop lie entombed ujion the top of the north wall of the presbytery of the Church of Winchester in a coffin of lead. After his death a little key was found about his neck, in the lock of which was a note with directions where to lind his treasures hid- den in various places underground. See Hook, Eccles. Biog. s. V.
Stigel, JoHAXN, a friend of Jlelancthon and Luther, and one of the founders of the University of Jena, was born at or near Gotha, Jlay 13, 1515. He studied the humanities, first at Lcipsic and then at Wittenberg, and came to rank among the first composers of Latin poetry. In 1542 he became master of liberal arts, and from that time lectured on the Greek and Latin classics, and occa- sionally, also, on theology. In the same year, during the diet at Ratisbon, the emperor made him poet-laure- ate. After the catastrophe at Miihlberg (q. v.) he re- moved to Weimar, and remained in that town until the founding of the new gymnasium at Jena, when he be- came one of its professors. In conjimction with Strigel (q. V.) and Schnepf (q. v.) he so raised the character of the institution that it could with justice be transformed into a university. It began its new career Feb. 2, 1558, on which occasion Stigel delivered the inaugural ad- dress. Though cidtivating friendly relations with the Wittenberg theologians, and avoiding, so far as he was able, all participation in the disputes of theologians gen- eralh", he yet occasioned the overthrow of the Flacian- ists by bringing against them the public accusation that they stirred up strife and hatred. He died Feb. 11, 1562. Stigel's Latin poems, which include paraphrases of Psalms and the New-Test, pcricopos, were published (Jena. 16(i0 S(i.) in four small volumes. For other poet- ical compositions, see Miitzell, (jeisll. Lieder d. evangel. Kirche aus d. XGtenJahrhundert, i,392. One of his hymns was occasioned by the death of Luther (1546). Two of his discourses appear among Melancthon's declamations {Corp. Ref xi, 72 1 , 734). See Adam [M.], I 'ilm Philos. ; (iiittling. Vita J. Stigel. (Jena, 1858), etc.— Herzog, Real- Encyklup. s. v.
Stigmatization (Gr. (TTiyfia,n mark), is an eccle- siastical term for the formation of woimils resembling those received by our Lord during his passion. The subject involves the consideration of three ([uestions: 1. Were such alleged wounds actual or mythical? 2. How did they originate? 3. How much worth or dig- nitj' is to be conceded to tliem ?
Stigmatization was not mentioned prior to the 13th century, and has rarely been heard of in connection with persons beyond the pale of the Roman Catholic Church,
STIGMATIZATIOX
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STILL
The earliest instance was the case of Francis of Assisi (q. v.), who, in \2-2i, had a vision of a straph with six wings, between which ajipcareii tlie iniaj^e of a crucified one; ami on recovering consciousness found liimself marked witli the wounds of crucifixion in liis liaiids, feet, anil ri.uht side. The case was attested by Tliomas il Celano and lUinaventura, and, thouj;h discredited by llif Dominicans };eneraily ami denounced by the bishop of Olmiltz, was lionored witli an attempted authentica- tion by the |H>pes of tliat period— Grej;ory IX and Alex- ander IV, the latter claiming to have liimself seen the roarks of the woinids. Otlier instances, to the number of ciylity, occur in the traditions of the liomisli Cluirch, though the stigmatization in some of tliem is but par- tial ; showing, e. g.,only the marks of the crown of thorns, or of the spear- thrust. The Capucliin nun Veronica tJiuliani, who died in 1727 at Citta di Castello, was can- onized as tlie last person who bore these marks, in 1831. Hut instances have occurred witiiin our own time, which arc attested by thousandsof witnesses who s]ieak from di- rect observation, among them ])er8ons deserving of belief. Anna Catharine Emmerich, a nun of l)idmen, experi- enced full stigmatization in lier body, after long )>revi- OU9 illness, in IKll. Her wounds became very [laiiiful in conseipience of repeated examinations by tlie authori- ties; and she prayed that tliey might be closed, which accoritingly came to pass in 1810, though the wounds were always red and emitted blood on Friday. The case of Maria von Jlorl, at Kaltern. in Southern Tyrol, was similar. In 1833, when in her twenty-second year, and after previous illness, tlie stigmata appeared on her hands, feet, and side, and always bled on Tliursday night and Fritlay. More than forty thousand visitors were attracted to Kaltern by the fame of this case. Maria eventually retired into the Franciscan convent at Kal- tern. Still otlier instances were those of Crescentia Steinkliitscli. at Tscherms, and of Maria Domenica Laz- zari, of Ca|triani. The latter bore the marks of Christ's passion on her forehead, hands, feet, and side from 1834 until 18.i0. and endured from them the most terrible jihysical pain. A Protestant girl in Saxony, said to have been magnetized, is reported to have borne similar marks, though only for a time and during the progress of a severe sickness, in the course of which she appar- ently died on (iood-Friday, 1820, and revived again on the following Kaster-day.