II. Later Teachers. — The regular "catena Stoicorum" extended only from Zeno to Jason, a period of two cen- turies and a half. Zeno was said to have guided his school for fifty-eight j'ears. Among the numerous pu- pils of those long years are specified Cleanthes of Assos, in the Troad; Aristo of Chios; Herillus of Carthage; Persffius of Citium, a slave of Zeno ; Aratus of Soli ; Di- onysius of Heracleia, in Pontus; and Sphrerus of Bos- porus.
1. Cleanthes was the immediate successor of the found- er, and retained many of his fellow-disciples in the school. A very beautiful and most characteristic hymn, address- ed by him to .Jove " of many names," has been preserved, and is our most valuable relic of early Stoicism.
2. Chrysippiis of Soli (B.C. 280-206), the reformer and renovator of the Stoic creed, succeeded Cleanthes. He was singularly perspicacious and of indefatigable industry. The works which he composed are said to have numbered seven hundred and fifty. Among his more noted disciples were his nephew Aristocreon, Teles, Eratosthenes, and Boethus.
3. Zeno of Taysus.
4. Diogenes of Seleucia,
5. A ntipater of Tarsus, among whose pufiils was Blos- sius of Cumse, the teacher and friend of Tiberius Grac- chus.
6. Pancetius of Rhodes succeeded him, and died before A.C. 111. He had several noble Komans among his hearers, including ' Scipio Africanus, according to the declaration of Cicero.
7. Posidoniits of Apamen (B.C. 135-51) succeeded his preceptor Pannetius, and was the last illustration of the formal Stoic school. He taught at lihodes, where his lectures were attended by Pompey and many other em- inent Romans of that day. By their persuasions he was induced to remove to Rome at a very ailvanced age. He left his school at Rhodes in charge of
8. Jason, his grandson, the last of the Stoic succes- sion, with whom the history of the school, as such, closes; and with whom, likewise, Zeller's account of the Stoics proper terrriinates.
III. For the doctrine of the Stoics, see Stoic Philos- ophy.
lY. Literature. — To the works mentioned under this IX.— U u u
head in the notice of the Stoic Philosophy (q. v.) may be added : Btichner, .1 r/.v/o von Chios (Leips. 1725) ; jNIoh- nike, Cleanthes der iStuiker ; Baquet, fJe Chri/sippi \'ila, Doctr. et Reli;;. (Lovau. 1822); Yan Lynden, J)isp. dr Panattio Uhodio (Lugd. 1X02) ; Bake, Position. Rhod. Re- liq. JJoctrina (ibid. 1«10); Sc]u-\^\ni:r, J)e Posidoti. .■ipa7n. (Berol. 1870); Rifault, /list. Phil. Lilt, dt V Empereur Marc Aurele (Paris, 1830); Suckau, Elude sur Marc A uriile (ibid. 1858) ; Grosch, Die Sitteulehre des Epik- tet. (Wernigerode, 1807). See Stoicism and Chuis-
TIANITY. (G. F. H.)
Stokes, .Iamks ]\r., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Cluirch, South, was born in Livingstone Par- ish, La., Dec. 22, 1H32. His conversion took place in December, 1858, and he studied theology under the di- rection of the Rev. (i. (i. N. MacDonnell, of Lumpkin, Ga. Here he was licensed to preach, Dec. 19, 1859. At the commencement of the war he entered the Con- federate army, and, after serving fourteen months, was appointed cliaplain. He resigned the chaplaincy in July, 18G4, and in November, 1865, was admitted into the Georgia Conference. In 1868, a change of climate being necessarj' for his health, he was transferred to the Missouri Conference. For the same reason he was, in 1871, transferred to the Florida Conference. He died at Live Oak, Fla., April 19, 1875. See Minutes of An- nual Conferetices of the M. E. Church, South, 1875, p. 178.
Stola. See Stole.
Stolberg, Fkikdkicii Leopold vox. Count, a poet and statesman in North Germany at the close of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, is entitled to a place here l)ecanse of tlie notoriety he acquired through his perversion to Romanism. He was born at Bramstedt, in Holstein, Nov. 7, 1750, of parents belong- ing to very ancient families. A sense of his high birth clung to him while he lived ; and if to this trait we add a very tender, emotional, and impressible disposi- tion, and, during a portion of his life at least, an enthu- siastic ardor for liberty, we siiall have stated the qual- ities by which his career was determined. At (iotting- en, whither he went in 1772 after a period spent at Halle, he became a member of an association of stu- dents whose bond was the new spirit of liberty — with its ideas and hopes at that time taking possession of men's minds — and whose aim was the cultivation of poetry. In this circle he read an otle on liberty which astonished his hearers by its enthusiasm. In 1775 he travelled to Switzerland, meeting with and accompanied by Goethe on the way, and at Zurich associating with Lavater. In 1777 he became ambassador to Copenha- gen for the prince-bishop of Lubeck, and established himself at the castle of Eutin, in Holstein, where Yoss, the friend of his student days at (iiittingen, had been settled as rector. He published a version of the Iluid in the metre of the original (1778), portions of /Eschy- lus, a number of dramas with choruses, and stime satir- ical " iambics.'' In 17H2 he married Agnes von Witzle- ben, and in 1786 accepted a transfer to Neuenburg, in the duchy of Oldenburg, as magistrate. We next find him, after the death of bis wife in 1788, at Berlin in the capacity of ambassador for Denmark. He contin- ued to employ his attention with the study of the an- cient classics, but religious questions iiegan at this time to occupy a prominent place in his thoughts. His views were thoroughly orthodox according to the stand- ard of tlie Lutheran Church, and his ]i(iclic tenqiera- ' ment inclined liim towards niyslicism; his Ijeart yearn- ed for communion with (iod; and he was paineil to find persons who ventured to believe that tliey could pros- per without (Jod. He protested against a reconstruc- tion of the hymnology of the German Cimrch in the interests of the then current rationalistic '•enlighten- ment," and prayed that the minds empjuyed u|)on such work might fare as did king Saul, "who came to dis- turb the prophets and ended with prophesying himself."