Sulzer, Simon, an avowed adherent and advocate of the Lutheran A'iew of the Lord's supper in Switzer- land during the period of the Reformation.' He was born Sept. 22, 1508 — the illegitimate child of a provost of Interlachen. After previous vicissitudes, he was rec- ommended by Berthold Haller (q. v.) to the Council of Berne, and was thus enabled to pursue his studies at the expense of the public treasury, which he did at Basle and Strasburg. He subsequently became a teach- er of ancient languages, and was employed in establish- ing schools throughout the canton of Berne. When Haller died he was deputed to Strasburg to negotiate the call of a successor. He took zealous part with the Strasburg theologians in their attempts at mediation, and even (in 1538) visited Saxony and had an interview with Luther. Having been won over to the position of Luther, Sulzer steadily persevered in defending the Lutheran view of the sacrament; at first in Berne, as professor of dialectics and rhetoric and subsequently of theology, as well as in the pulpit ; and afterwards, be- ginning in 1548, at Basle, where he became pastor of St. Peter's, and in 1552 professor of Hebrew. In 1553 he became the successor of "Myconius in the cathedral, and chief pastor of Basle, and with these dignities he
SUMERU
14
Sl3LMER-nOUSE SILVER
united in 1554 a professorship of theolojiy. In 15G3 he aaiuired the theologic-al (loct<irate; and he filled, in ad- dition, tiu' position of superintendent of Kciteln under the marj^rave Charles of Haden.
Sidzer entertained the bold project of indiicinp; the Church of Basle to subscribe to the Fi»-m of Coiicord, and to refuse the acceptance of the second Helvetic Confession of IftliG. See IIei.vktic Coxkkssion. He succeeded in causing the omission of explanatory notes from future publications of the (irst Helvetic Confession (of 1534), and in limiting its influence. Sulzer's views on the sacrament are given in the confession wliich he instigated the burgomaster of Hrlinn to issue in 1578 (see Hagenbach, Cesch.d. ersUn Baslcr Confession'). He was also successful in persuading the authorities to per- mit the use of the organ in tlie churches and on holi- days, and the ringing of the so-called "pope's bell" (a gift from Felix V). He died .June '22, 1.5,S5. The archives of the Church of liasle and -Sulzer's family pajiers fell into the hands of his heirs, and were partially lost. His successor, .1. J. (Iryiianis, promoted the Keformed the- ology, but Sulzer's arrangements with regard to organ and bell still continue in force.
See Herzog, .4 t/ien. Ranr. p. 20, where a catalogue of Sulzer's writings may be foinid ; Hundeshagcii. ^,''w///(■^7e des Z iciwjlinnuvnns, Lntherthnms n. Cdlrinismus (Heme, 184-2), p. 105 8(1.; Kirchliofer, lierth. Ilaller (Basle, 1827), Hagenbach, Die theolofj. Schule BaseVs, etc. (]8t5(l); Tholuck, in Gcsck. d. akadem. Lchens im llien Jitlirh. p. 321 sq. — Horzng. Real-Encijkiop. s. v.
Sumem (nr Mem), the north pole, a mountain of golil aud precious stones on which dwell the genii and gods.
Summanus, an Etruscan and Roman divinity, the god of the nightly sky, the lightning-darter of the night, as Jupiter was of the day. His temple stood near the Circus Maximus, and a representation of him in clay was given in the pediment of the Capitoline temple. Whenever a tree was struck by lightning in the night, the A rrdl brothers would otTer a black ram to Summa- nus (Pliny, //. X. ii, 53; August. Be Cir. Dei, iv, 23; Yarro, De Ling. Lett, v, 74 ; Livy, xxxii, 29 ; Ovid, Fast. vi, 73) ; Cicero, De Div. i, 10, etc.).
Summer is the invariable rendering in the A. V. of the Heb. "('1'i?, Myits (Chald. 13^;?, kuyil, Dan. ii, 35; New Test, ^spog, heat), which pro|ierly signifies harvest of fruits (not of grain, which is ~i";jp), strictly the cut- tinff-off of the fruit (Isa. xvi, 9; Jer. viii,20; xlviii, 32); specially _/(/7-/(«;-re,<^ which in Palestine takes place in August, although the early figs (a^"ni32) ripen at the summer solstice (Isa. xxviii,4; Mic. vii, 1) ; hence the harvest-time of figs, i. e. summer, especially midsummer, the hottest season (I'sa. xxxii, 4; the droughts of sum- mer, Prov. vi, 8; x, 5; xxvi, 1 , xxx,35; the sinnmer- house, Amos iii, 15) ; also fruit, specially _/?//.«, as harvest- ed (viii, 1, 2; comp. Jer. xxiv, 1 sq.). See Agkicult- ure; 1''io; Hauvest; Palestine; Season,
Summerfield, .John, a distinguished divine and minister of tlie Methodist Episcopal Ciuirch, was born at Preston, England, Jan. 31, 1798. His father was a local preacher in the Wesleyan Methodist connec- tion in England, and he educated his son in those re- ligious principles which governed his own heart and life. At a suitable age he was put under the tuition of the Moravian Academy at Fairfield, near Manchester, where he gave early indications of that precocious gen- ius for which he was afterwards so eminently distin- guished. In. 1810 he taught a night-school in order to aid his father, who h.id become embarrassed. Before he was fifteen he became clerk in a mercantile house in Liverpool, conducting the French correspondence. He now, through moral weakness, fell into evil habits and company, and had also an intense passion for listening to eloquent speakers, whether in the pulpit, the senate- bouse, at the bar, or on the stage. He would at times