V. Targums on the llagiugrapha. — These Targums are generally divided into three groups, viz.: a. Job, Psalms, Proverbs ; b. The five Megilloth ; c. Daniel, Chronicles, and Ezra. Tradition ascribes to I!. Joseph the Blind the authorship of this Targum, but this is contradicted by writers even of the 13th century (see Zuiiz. op. cit. p. 65).
1. The Targum on the Book of Job. — A feature of this Targum is its Haggadical character. As early as the middle of the 1st century a paraphrase on the book of Job is mentioned. Its difficulty, but more especially its adaptation to allegorizing fancies, presented a pe- culiar temptation to Chaldee expositors. In many places we find a double Targum. After one interpre- tation, which is always free in character, anotlier still more paraplirastic is annexed with the introductory, Nr, i. e. inX Ci;ir, another Targum (comp. xviii, 7,
mentioned, the date is late. The language is inter- mixed with Greek and Latin words in the same degree as the Palestinian Targumim and Midrashim. Thus the word "^PSJX, ayytXog (angel), is used in xv, 15; XX, 27; XXXV, 10. Bacher also finds in this Targum the Latin word delator, and comes to the conclu.sioii that the author lived in Palestine, under Koman do- minion, in the 4th or oth century, while the writer of the art. "Targum" in Kitto states that "the work is a growth belonging to various times and writers, of which the beginning and end cannot be precisely determined." With regard to the INIasoretie text, the Targum of Job agrees sometimes with the Sept. (as xix, 29: 13, Targ. rr^a, Sept. tv aurip; xxii, 21 : "inNim, Targ. ~D??", Sept. KapTTof cov; xxxi, 32 : n^'xb, Targ. XiDt3=xb, Sept. ^£we, both n'n'lX),or with the Peshito (comp. iii, 8; vi, 16; vii. 4: ix, 7; xvi, 10; xxvi, 10; xxxiii, 28). Often the reading of the Targum has to be explained from an interchange of letters, thus :
-I and "I— xxiv, 24; ^•0', Tar. ITCT C = i-|1X).
nin CTH).
X " n— vii, 4; nT21, " TINI (r"iTi:l).
n " -iz— xxx, i'2: nn-E, " tms ("inijs).
Ci'.T^'ii-.isn"). 1- xix, 2S; "la, " 13 ^n-ia).
xxiv,
24;
^^o',
V,
5;
bs,
xxx.
3;
nxic,
xviii,
7 ;
n^x.
vii,
4;
TT21,
xxx.
1'2
nn-E,
xvii.
2
cn-.inai,
xix,
2S;
■^a,
TARGUM
213
TARGUM
1 aiul l-xxviii, T; IT^N, Tiuv mn {il^r,\
xxxvi, 10; -px, " -pwX (N15 T-sm).
3 " ir- vii, 9; -,:-, " )^-j (posT n-oz^n
.(N::n xxxvi, 20; risen, " r]X3n p^;r).
Ill two cases the variation is to be accounted for by bearini; amiss, viz. xxix, 22, where, instead of r]13n, S:3"^n("ia"rn), and xxxix, 23, where, for nDin, rT?2~in('^Tjn) is read. The number is greater where the vowi'l-points differ from those of the JMasorah. Va- riations of tliis kind may amount to about thirty.
The Tarijuni on Job was published by John Tercn- tius (Franek. 16(33) [the text being that of Buxtorf, and the Latin translation that of Arias Montaiuis], with notes, consisting of various readings and explanations of Chaldee words. The Latin version of Alphonso de Zamora was published with notes by John INIercier (ibid. 1()()3), and Victorias Scialai translated it into Latin (Rome, 1(518). This Targutn has been treated bv Bacher, in Griitz's Monntsschriff, 1871, p. 2U8-22o, and by Weiss, De Libri Jobi Paruphrasi Chaldaica (Vratisl. 1873).
2. The. Targuin on the Psalms. — This Targura is not so Haggadic or diffuse as that of Job. Sometimes it follows the original with a tolerable degree of closeness, as in i, iii, v, vi, etc. In more cases, however, it in- dulges in prolix digressions, absurd fables, and common- place remarks. Two or three different versions of the same text occasionally follow one another without re- mark, though the introductory notice XP, i.e. Dimn InX, sometimes precedes (comp. ex, 1). The additions to the text are often inappropriate, the sense distorted, tlie titles wrongly paraphrased, and fables are abundant. Thus in ex, 1 the paraphrase has, "The Lord said in bis word that he would appoint me lord of all Israel; but he said to me again, Wait for Saul, who is of the tribe of Benjamin, till he die, because he does not agree in the kingdom with an associate; and afterwards I will make thine enemies thy footstool," to which is sub- ji'ined XH, thus, "The Lord said in his word that he would give me the dominion because I was intent upon the doctrine of the law of his right hand: wait till I make thine enemy the footstool of thy feet." Devia- tions from the JNIasoretic text are numerous. On the whole, the linguistic character of this Targum corre- sponds with that on Job, and resembles that of the Jerusalem Targuin. It abounds in Greek ^vords; thus, besides the /tyytXot, occurring also in Job, we meet with ^hjpor, XX, 4; TrsXayof, xlvi, 3; tc{ipi'o<;, liii, 1, and xcvii, 10; 7'ijaoQ, Ixxii, 10; TrXaTila, Iviii, 12; kv- ptog, Ixxiii, 13 ; ox^OQ, Ixxxix, 7; avv(dpim>, Ivii, 32 ; ■)^n\Kii)j.ia, xviii, 34, etc. According to Bacher, Das Ta?-ffUin zu den Psahiien, in Griitz's Monatsschrift , 1872, p. 408-416; 463-473, the author of this Targum is the .same as of that on Job. Davidson, in Kitto's Cyclop, s. v. "Targum," thinks that, "like the Targum on Job, this one is an accumulation of expositions extending over centuries." The Targum on the Psalms was printed in Justiniani's Polyglot Psalter (Genoa, 1516), and in the Hexaglot edition of the Psalter, published at Rostock, 1643. It is also printed in the latest Rabbinical Bible (Warsaw. 1875). The Antwerp and following Poly- glots (1572, 1645, 1657) contain the Latin version of Arias INIontaniis. From the Codex Reuchlin it was published by Lagarde in his Hagior/rapha Chaldaice (Leips. 1«73), and republished by Xestle in his Psalteri- um Tetraglottnm (Tiib. 1877-79).