brought against the apostles receives an illus- ^^S-_*^---
tration from the e[)istles, where the kinfjdom Si7E=Bieia^s_=_ _ of Christ is prominently mentioned (1 Thess. ii, 12; 2 Thess. i, 5). So, again, the doctrine of the resurrection is conspicuous both in Luke's narrative (xvii, 3) and in the first let- ter (i, 10; iv, 14, Hi). If we pass from these points to such as are personal, we are enabled from the epistles to complete the picture of Paul's conduct and attitn<ie at Thessalonica, as regards his love, tenderness, and zeal, his care of individual souls, and his disinterested- ness (see i, 5; ii, 1-10). As to this last point, Paul was partly siqiported here by contribu- tions from Philip|ii (Phil, iv, 15, 1(5), partly bj^ the labor of his own hands, which he <liligent- ly practiced for the sake of the better success of the Gospel, and that he might set an exam- ple to the idle and seltish. (He refers very ex- [iressly to what he had said and done at Thes- salonica in regard to this point; see 1 Thess. ii, 9; iv, 11; comp. 2 Thess. iii. 8-12.) See
TiiESSAi.ONiAN.s. To complete the account Trhimphal Arch of (.'oustautine at Thessalonica.
THESSALONICA
355
TIIEUDAS
faced with marble, and formerly consisted of three arch- ways. The sculptured camels give an Oriental aspect to the monument; and it is generally supposed to com- memorate the victory of Constantine over Licinius or over the Sarmatians.
Near the liue of the main street, between the two above-mentioned arches, are four Corinthian colunms supporting an architrave, above wiiicli are caryatides. This uionument is now part of the house of a Jew; and, from a notion that the figures were petrified by magic, it is called by the Spanish Jews Las Incanfadas. The Turks call it Suret/i-Maleli. (A view will be found, with architectural details, iu Stuart and Kevett, .1 ^Af h. Aittiq. iii, 53). Tliis colonnade is supposed by some to have been part of the Propyhea of the Hippodrome, the position of which is believed by Beaujour and Clarke to have been iu the south-eastern part of the town, be- tween the sea and a building called the Rutunda, now a mosque, |ireviously the church Eski-Metropoli, but for- merly a temple, and in construction similar to the Pan- theon at Rome. Another mosque in Tiiessalonica, call- ed Eski-Juma, is said by Beaujour to have been a tem- ])le consecrated to Venus Thermwa. The city walls are of brick, and of Greek construction, resting on a much older foimdation, which consists of hewn stones of im- mense thickness. Everywhere are broken columns and fragments of sculpture. Many remains were taken in 1430 to Constantinople. One of the towers in the city wall is called the Tower of the Statue, because it con- tains a colossal figure of Thessalonica, with the repre- sentation of a ship at its feet. The castle is partly Greek and partly Venetian. Some columns of verd antique, supposed to be relics of a temple of Hercides, are to be noticed there, and also a shattered triumphal arch, erected (as an inscription proves) in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, in honor of Antoninus Pius and his daughter Faustina.
In harmony with what has been noticed of its his- tory, Thessalonica has many remains of ecclesiastical antiquity. Leake says that in this respect it surpasses any other city in Greece. The church of greatest in- terest (now a mosque) is that of St. Sophia, built, ac- cording to tradition, like the church of the same name at Constantinople, in the reign of Justinian, and after the designs of the architect Authemius. This clmrch is often mentioned in the records of tiie ]\Iitklle Ages, as in the letters of pope Innocent III, and in the accoimt of tlie Norman siege. It remains very entire, and is fully described by Beaujour and Leake. The Church of St. Demetrius (apparently the third on the same site, and now also a mosque) is a structure of still greater size and beauty. Tafel believes that it was erected about the end of the 7th century; but Leake conject- nres, from its architectural features, that it was built by the Latins in the loth. Tafel has collected with much diligence the notices of a great number of churches which have existed in Thessalonica. Dapper says that in his day the Greeks had the use of thirty churches. Walpole (in Clarke's Tnivels, iv, 340) gives the number as sixteen. All travellers have noticed two ancient pul- l)its, consisting of " single blocks of variegated marble, with small steps cut in them," which are among the most interesting ecclesiastical remains of Thessalonica.
VII. Authorities.— The travellers who have described Thessalonica are numerous. The most important are Lucas, Second Voyuye (1705) ; Pococke, Description of the East (1743-45) ; Beaujour, Tableau du Commerce de la Grece, translated into English (1800); Clarke, Trav- els in Eiti-ope, etc. (1810-23); Holland, Travels in the Ionian Isles, etc. (1815); Cousiuery, Voyage dans la Macedoine(\8?iV); \je?ike. Northern Greece (1835); Za- chariii, Reise in dem Orient (1840) ; Griesbach, Reise durch Rumelien (1841); Bowen, Mount Athos, Thessah/, and Epirus (1852) ; Dodd, in the Biblioth. Sacra, xi, 830 ; xviii, 845.
In the Memoires de V Academic des Inscriptions, torn, xxxviii, Sect. Hist. p. 121-146, is an essay on the subject
of Thessalonica by the abbe Belley. But the most elab- orate work on the subject is that by Tafel, Hist. Thessa- lonicfB usque ad A.I). 904, the first part of which was published at Tiibingen in 1835; this was afterwards re- printed as Prolegomena to the Dissertntio de Thessa- lonica ejusque Ar/ro Geographica (Berl. 1839). With this should be compared his work on the Via Egnutia. To these authorities we ought to add the introduction to some of the commentaries on Paul's Epistles to the Thessalonians — esjiecially those of Koch (ibid. 1849) and Lunemann (Giitt. 1850). The early history of the Thes- salonian Church is discussed by Burgerhoudt, De Ccetii Chr. ThessaL, Ortu, Fatisque (Leid. 1825). A good de- scription of the modern place is given iu Murray's Hand- book for Greece, ]>. 455.