THEURGISTS
357
THIBETAN VERSION
the reader would at once have seen that what we have just given from the more minute narrative of Josephus is only a somewhat detailed statement of the facts of which Gamaliel gave a brief summary before the San- hedrim. The clironological difficidty then disafipears. Matthias, or Tlieudas, appeared " before these days," be- fore Judas of Galilee, and before the census ; he appeared, that is, some four years anterior to tlie birth of our Lord.
4. Other identitications are those of Usher {A mi. p. 797) and Zuschlag, who regard Theudas as the same person with Judas the robber (Josephus, Ant. xvii, 10, 6), or with T/midioii {ibid. 4, 2). Sucli attempts arise from an unwillingness to acquiesce in the fragmentary cliaracter of the annals of the period, and are simply curious as efforts of ingenuity.
YV. Literutttre. — Among the works, in addition to those already mentioned, whicli discuss this question or touch upon it are the following : Casaubon, Exercit. Antibaron. ii, 18; Neander, 6'est7;<c7(^e der I'jkinzung, i, 75, 76 ; Heinrichs, Exerc. (id A ct. ii, 375 ; Guericke, Bei- trdge zur Ekileit. iiis N. Tfst. p. 90 ; Baumgarten, Apo- sidyeschichte, i, 114; Lightfoot, llor. IJ<:b. ii, 704; Bis- coe. History of the Acts, p. 428; Wordsworth, Commen- tary, ii, 20 ; and the monographs De Thtudu by Gros (Viteb. 1697), Kling (Hafn. 1714), and Scheuffelhut (Lips. 1774).
Theurgists, those nn-stics who claitn to hold con- verse with the world of spirits, and to have the high power and prerogative of working miracles, not by mag- ic, but by supernatural endowment. Among these may be mentioned ApoUonius of Tyana, Peter of Alcantara, and the large company of Romish saints.
Theurgy (Qtovpyia. divine work) is the science con- cerning the gods and the various classes of superior spirits, tlieir appearing to men and their operations; and the art, by means of certain acts, habits, words, and symbols, of moving the gods to impart to men secrets which surpass the powers of reason, to la}' open to them the future, and to become visible to them. These com- munications were claimed as being held with the inferior orders of supernatural beings, with whom men rose to converse by the power of purificatory rites and by the possession of science. Magic of this kind was considered to be a divine work, as its name clearly shows, and its action entirely beneficent. The theurgical system at- tained perfection among the Neo-Platonists of the Al- exandrian school, particularly those of the last epoch, and tlie propensity to daimonological rites which was al- ready marked in the time of Porphyry triumplied com- pletely under Proclus. The magic of ancient Egypt was quite theurgic in origin and doctrine, and we cannot deny that the reveries of the later Neo-Platonists are in a great measure due to its influence ; although it did not take the place of all other worship, being considered in- ferior to the official religion, and not formally recognised as a rite. See Lenormant, Chaldtean Aluyic, p. 74 sq.
Thevet, Anpue, a writer of some note in the 16th century, was born at Angoulerae, France, and entered the Franciscan Order, and afterwards visited Italy, the Holy Land, Egypt, Greece, and Brazil. On his return to France, in 1556, he quitted the Cordelier's habit, took that of an ecclesiastic, and was appointed almoner to queen Catherine de Medicis. He had the titles of his- toriographer of France and cosmographer to the king, and received the profits of these offices. He died Nov. 23, 1590, leaving Cosmogi-aphie du Levant (Lyons, 1554, 4to) : — .4 History of Jllnstriovs Men (1671, 8 vols. 12mo ; or 1684,2 vols, fol.) : — Singulurites de la France Ant- arctique (Paris, 1558, 4to) ; and other works. — Chal- mers, Bioy. Diet. s. v.
Thiard, Cyrus de, a French prelate, became bish- op of Chalon-sur-Saone, Feb. 20, 1694, and assisted at the States-Cieiieral held in Paris in 1614, having re- ceived by letters-patent, Aug. 13, 1602, tlie right to rep- resent Dijon. He died Jan. 3, 1624, leaving oidy a Pas- toral addressed to his clergy (Chalon, 1605).
Thiard, Henri de, cardinal of Bissy, was born !May 25, 1G57, anil at the age of twelve received the ab- bey of Noaille, in reward for his father's services to Louis XIV. He was educated at the Jesuit College of Dijon and at tlie Sorbomie, and was made doctor of theology in the latter. In 1687 lie was named as bish- op of Toul, but was not consecrated until 1692, In 1697 he was offered the arclibishopric of Bordeaux, but de- clined ; and soon afterwards was given the abbeys of Trois-Fontaines and Saint-Germain, and the bisliopric of Meaux. He was raised to the cardinalate May 29, 1715. Other papal honors were subsequently conferred upon him. He died in Paris, July 26, 1737, liaving pub- lished numerous ecclesiastical works, for which see Hoe- fer, Noitr. Bioy. G<euerale, s. v.
Thibaud, archbisliop of Canterbury, of whose fam- ily nothing is known, was first made abbot of Bee after the year 1136, and soon after was called to England, where we find liim raised to the see of Canterbury in 1139. Under the influence of Thomas a Becket, Thi- baud espoused the cause of the pope in the quarrels with the king of England, and was therefore treated by the latter as a public enemy. He escaped to St. Omer, but was afterwards imprisoned by Eustachius for refusing to crown the son of the latter. Some time after 1153 he was restored to his diocese by tlie duke of Normandy, and died April 18, 1161, leaving a number of Letters. See Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, s. v.