4. Third Stage of the War. — Gustavus landed on the island of Usedom, in June, 1630, and drove away the im- perial garrisons from Pomeraniaand Mecklenburg, where he reinstated the expelled princes. He tlien formed alliances with Hesse, Saxe - Weimar, Magdeburg, and France ; and was afterwards joined by the electors of Brandenburg and Saxony. With tliese last allies he joined battle with Tilly at Breitenfeld, Sept. 17, 1631, and nearly annihilated his army. Defeating Tilly the second time, April 15, 1632, on the Lech, Gustavus and
Frederick V entered ^lunich. Wallenstein was recalled, and, after a few months' waiting, the battle of Liitzen was fought, Nov. 16, 1632, in which Gustavus fell, but Wallenstein was defeated. The death of Gustavus Adoliihus was a severe blow to the Protestants, though the genius and indefatigable zeal of liis chancellor, Ox- enstierna, and the superior ability of the Swedish gen- erals, preserved the advantages they had gained, till the crushing defeat of Bernard of Weimar at Nordling- en, Sept. 6, 1634, restored to the emperor a preponder- ating influence in (Germany. Saxony now made peace at Prague, May 30, 1635, obtaining such satisfactory terms for the Lutherans that the treaty was, within three months, adhered to by all the princes of that sect. The Calvinists were left to tlieir fate. Sweden, how- ever, resolved to continue the struggle, and Oxenstier- na propitiated Richelieu by giving him the direction of the war. Baner led the Swedes into Germany, and won the great battle of Wittstock, Sept. 24, 1636. " Upon his death, in 1641, he was succeeded by Torstensson, who made the Swedish arms a terror throughout Germany. Conde and Turenne led the French to victory over the leaguers on the Rhine, until at last the emperor was de- serted by all his allies except the duke of Bavaria, whose territories were alreadv mostly in the hands of Turenne and Wrangel. Preliminaries had been ar- ranged for negotiations as early as 1641. but it was not until Oct. 24, 1648, that the Peace of AVestphalia was concluded at Minister.
5. Results of the War. — These, ecclesiastically con- sidered, were that the possession of the ecclesiastical benefices was placed on the basis of Jan. 1, 1624 ; and in the case of the Palatinate, Baden, Durlach, and Wiir- temberg, the Catholics were obliged to accept 1618 as the normal year. An age of greater toleration was in- troduced into Germany. In all religious tpiestions the Protestants secured an equality with the Catholics, and gained equal weight in the diet and high courts of the empire. The Peace of Westphalia terminated the religious wars of Euro[ie, and thus became an important landmark in its history. See Westphalia. PilACe ok.
For literature of the Thirty Years' War, see Cust. Lives of the Warriors of the Thirty Years' War (Lond. 1865) ; lianke, Geschichte Wallcnsteins ( Leips. 1869) ; Stieve, Ursprung des dreissigjahrigen Kritges (Munich, 1875), vol. i; and similar sketches by Menzel (Breslau, 1835- 39,3 vols.), Flathe ( 1840), Mebold ( 1840), Barthold (1842), Heilman (1851), Klopp (1861), Hausser (1862), Gindely (Prague, 1869), Gardner (Lond. 1874).
This'be (Bi'<t/3»/ v. r. OilSt]), a name found only in Tob. 1, 2, as that of a city of Naphtali from which To- bit's ancestor had been carried captive by the Assyrians. The real interest of the name resides in the fact that it is maintained by some interpreters (Hiller,6'«ow. p. 236, 947 ; Reland, Pa/rest. p. 1035) to be the place which had the glory of giving birth to Elijah (q. v.) the Tishhite. This, however, is, at the best, very questionable, and derives its main support from the fact that the word employed in 1 Kings xvii, 1 to denote the relation of Elijah to Gilead, if pointed as it now stands in the re- ceived Hebrew text, signities that he was not a native of Gilead, but merely a resident there, and came origi- nalh' from a different and foreign district. But it is also possible to point the word so that the sentence shall mean "from Tishbi of (iilead," in which case all rela- tion between the great prophet and Thisbe of Naphtali at once falls to the ground. There is, however, a truly singular variation in the texts of the passage in Tobit, a glance at which (on the following page) will show how hazardous it is to base any definite topographical conclusions upon it.
Assuming that Thisbe. and not Thibe, is the correct reading of the name, it has been conjectured (apparent- ly for the first time by Keil, Comm. iiber die Konige, p. 247) that it originated in an erroneous rendering of the Hebrew word '^3 w'n'S, which word, in fact, occurs in the
THISTLE
364
TIIOLUCK
Out of Thi!*l>e which] Oiii ol' the iribe aud is at the right hand city of Nephthali of that citv which i?^ which is in the upper called properly Neph- parts of Galilee above ihali iu Galilee above Kaasson, behind the Aser.* [Maifi. or Ke- road which leads to desh of Nepiitliali in, the west, having' on Galilee, Jndj;. iv, C] the left hand the city of Sephei
* i. e. probably Hazor.
Skpti'*gint
Out of Thisl)e which is at the ritrht hand of Kiidios of Neph- thaleiin in Galilee above Aser.
Rev
Greek Text.
Vktl's La
Out of Thibe which i Out of the city of Bihil * at the right hand which is on the right f Kudiou of Neph- hand of Edisse, a city iif lialeiin ill Upper Gal- Neplitlialini in Upper lee above Asser, be-lGalilee overagjiinst Naa