raTTGii/utcrei isov.
1. 1 Kings xii, 16, where " to his God (T^n^xb), O Israel . . . and Israel went to their God" (TTl?XP) is civen "to your tents ("ji^nxb) . . . to their tents" (Vbrixb), be- cause the separation of Israel from the house of David was regarded as a necessary transition to idolatry ; it was looked upon as leaving God and the sanctuary for the worship of idolatry in tents.
8. 2 Chron. x, 16 concerns the parallel passage, which is similarly altered for the same reason.
9. Jer. ii, 11, where "my glory" ("^TlSD) reads "their glory" ("mzS), because it was too offensive to say that God's glory was changed for an idol.
10. Ezck. viii, 17, where "my nose" (^SX) is changed into " their nose" (GEX).
TIKYAH
405 TILE IN ARCHITECTURE
11. Hos. iv, 7, where the same change is made as in 9.
12. Hab. i, 12, where " thou diest not" (nTjH KS) is con- verted into "we shall not die" (PI ^3 NP).
13. Zecli. ii, 12, where "rrmic eye" pD''") is varied by " /iis eye" (13'^"), to avoid too gross an anthropomorphism.
14. ^Mal. i, 13, where "yon malie vie" (TIIN) is changed to "yon malie it" (imX) ; reason as in 13.
15. Psa. cvi, 20, where the same alteration is made as in 9 and 11.
16. Job vii, 20, where '^a burden to thee" (""^PS') is changed to " to myself" C7"). That "J"'?" was the orig- inal reading we see also from the Sepi. ei/xi di twi aoi <i>op-
17. Job xxxii, 3, where "they condemned God" (tlX C'Tlbx) is altered to they "condemned ./(>6"(jT^X PN).
18. Lam. iii, 19, where ^^and thy soul will mourn over me" (~i"i'E3 '^"j' n^\rn) reaAs'^ ami ynysoul is humbled ^vith- in me" (^^23 ''hv n^lLTll), because of the remarlc that God will mourn.
These eighteen decrees of the Soj^herim are enumer- ated in the Massora Mar/na on Numb, i, 1, and on Psa. cvi, 'M ; they are also given in the book Ocltlah ve-Och- hih, p. 37, 113 (ed. FrensdorfF, Hanover, 1864). Tlie whole question on these Tikkun tSopherini is discussed by I'insker in Kherem Chemed, ix, 53 sq. (Berlin, 18.30); Vxe.\ge.r,Urschrift mid Ueherselzunc/en der Bibel, p. 308 sq. (Breslau, 1857) ; Wedell, De ICniendationibus a Sop/ierim ill Libris Sua is Veteris Testamenti Propositis (Vratisla- viie, 18G9). See Oclaii. (B. P.)
Tik'vah (Heb, Tikvah', Wprt, a cord [as in Josh, ii, 18, 21], or hope [as often]), the name of two Israelites.
1. (Sept. QtKKovk V. r. Hekovov ; Vulg. Thecua.) The son of Harhas and father of Shallum, which last was the husband of the prophetess Huldah (2 Kings xxii, 14). B.C. ante 632. He is elsewhere (2 (Jhron. xxxiv, 22) called TiKVATH (q. v.).
2. (Sept. QtKovf V. r. 0£Kwg ; Vulg. Thecue.) The fa- ther of Jahaziah, which latter was one of the "rulers" apjiointed to carry out the divorce of the Gentile wives alter the Captivity (Ezra x, 15). B.C. 458.
Tik'vath (Heb. text Toka'hath, rnj^'lpl, marg. Tokhath', T.t^'pT), assemblaf/e [Gescn.], or Jirmness [Flirst] ; Sept. B«koi)«j v. r. BtKiot and KaSiovaX ; Vulg. Thccuath), the father of Shallum (2 Chron. xxxiv, 22) ; elsewhere (2 Kings xxii, 14) called Tikvau (q. v.).
Til. See Van Til.
Tile (m'zbi lehendh, so called from the whitish clay), a brick (Ezek. iv, 1), as elsewhere rendered. See Bkick ; Tiling. The above passage illustrates the use of baked clay for the delineation of figures and written characters among the ancient nations, especially the Egyptians, Assyrians, and Babylonians. Not only were ordinary building bricks stamped with tlie name of the founder of the edifice, as well as with other devices, but clay (or
1
2
stone) "cylinders," as they are now called, covered with the most minute writing, were dejjosited in tlie cor- ners of Assyrian and Babylonian buildings, giving the history of the kings who erect- ed the palaces. See NiNKVEii. But the most striking illustra- tion of the prophet's delineatures is atford- ed by the recent dis- covery of whole libra- ries of Assyrian liter- ature in the form of small inscribed tablets of clay, which contain writing and pictorial representations of the most interesting char- acter. When the clay was in a soft, iiaoist
Assyrian Clay Tablet.
Ancient Bricks. (From the British Museum.)
1. Egyptian briclc of sun-dried clay and straw, stamped with the prmno- nien of Thnthmes 111, eifc'hteentlj dynasty. 2. Babylonian inscribed brick, unbailed.
State, in its mould or frame, the characters were put upon it, perhaps in some instances by a stamp, but usually by means of a sharp-edged bronze style about a foot long, each character being traced separately by hand, as we use a pen. After the completion of the writing or pictures, the clay was baked, and such was the jierlection of the manufacture that many of these articles have been pre- served from decav' i'or three thousand years. They vary in color, owing, as some suppose, to the varying length of time they were in the kiln, while others think that some coloring matter must have been mixed with the clay. They are bright brown, pale yellow, pink, red. and a very dark tint nearly black, l^sually the cylin- ders found are of a pale yellow, and the tablets a light red or pink. Some of them are unglazed, and oth- ers are coated with a hard white enamel. It is from these long-lost records that such details are in process of decipherment as are given in Smith's Chakhetii) Account of Genesis, and other works of recent Assyri- ology.