A profusion of good examples still exists of single tiles, and sets of four, nine, sixteen, or a greater num- ber of tiles, forming by their combination a complete design, and presenting, for the most part the charac- teristic style of ornament which was in vogue at each successive period , but examples of general arrange- ment are very rare and imperfect. To this deficiency of authorities it seems to be due that modern imitations of these ancient pavements have generally proved un- satisfactory in the resemblance which they present to
Pavement from St, Paul's iu Worms.
TILE
4o:
TILENUS
Tik's Irum the CUioii- of Thame Ohui-ch, Oxfordshire
oil-cloth or carpeting; and the intention of producing richness of eifect by carrying the ornamental design throughout the pavement without any intervening spaces has been wholly frustrated. SufKcient care has not been given to ascertain the ancient system of ar- rangement: it is, however, certain that a large propor- tion of plain tiles, black, white, or red, were introduced, and served to divide the various portions which com- ]iosed the general design. Plain diagonal bands, for instance, arranged fretwise intervened between the com- partments, or panels, of tiles ornamented with designs; the plain and the decorated quarries were laid alter- nately, or in some instances longitudinal bands were introduced in order to break that continuity of orna- TTient which, being uniformly spread over a large sur- face, as in some modern pavements, produces a confused rather than a rich effect. It has been supposed, with much probability, that the more elaborate pavements were reserved for the decoration of the choir, the chan- cel, or immediate vicinity of an altar, while in the
Woodperry, Oxfordshire,
aisles or other parts of the church more simple pave- ments of plain tiles, black, white, or red, were usuallv employed. It may also deserve notice that in almost every instance when the ornamented tiles have been accidentally discovered or dug up on the site of a castle or mansion there has been reason to suppose a conse- crated fabric had there existed, or that the tiles had
belonged to that portion of the structure which liad been devoted to re- ligious services. We of- ten meet with the item "Flanders tiles" in building-aCcounts of cas- tles, but these were for the fireplace only. The lower rooms were usual- ly " earthed," the upper rooms boarded. — I'arker, Gloss, of A rchUect. s. v. Most of the tiles in England were made in 5 the county of Worces- ter. Examples may be found in almost every |)arish church. Occa- sionally the patterns were alternately raised and sunk, so that the surface of the tiles was irregular. Examples <if this sort were foimd ;i at St. Albans Abbey, and have been recent- ly reproiluced, and laid liefore the high -altar. From the 13th century to the IGth encaustic tiles were commonly used for the floors of churches and religious houses. Tiles have been used for wall-dec- oration, and for the adornment of tombs on the Continent; and this custom has likewise been restored in England. Since the man- ufacture of tiles has been carried out so efficiently in Worcestershire, their use has been common for all re- stored churches in that county. Modern specimens in some cases are remarkably hue, though sometimes want- ing in that grace and character which were so remarka- ble in the old examples. — Lee, Gloss, of Lkurg. Terms. s. v. ; Walcott, Sac. A rcha'ol. s. v.
Tilenus, Daniel, a learned French divine, was born at Goldberg, in Silesia, Feb. 4, 1563, and, going to France about 1590, was naturalized by Henry IV. First distinguishing himself as an opponent of the ten- ets of Arminianism, he afterwards enlisted on the side of the Remonstrants. His principal controversy was with Peter Du Moulin, which was carried on with so much zeal that their friends, among whom was James 1 of England, interposed to reconcile them. Tilenus had, before this, been appointed by Jlarechal de Bouil- lon professor at the College of Sedan, but, about 1G19 or 1620, was obliged to resign on account of his sentiments. He removed to Paris, where he lived on his pro|)erty. He afterwards had a personal controversy with John Cameron, divinity professor at Saumur, concerning grace and free-will, wliich lasted five days. An account of this was published under the title of CoUatio inter Tile- num et Cameronem, etc. Some time after, Tilenus ad- dressed a letter to the Scotch nation, disapproving of the Presbyterian and commending the Episcopal form of the Reformed Church as established in England. This greatly pleased king .James, who invited Tilenus to England, and offered him a pension. Tilenus ac- cepted the offer, and returned to France in order to set- tle his affairs, but, becoming obnoxious to the people of (ireat Britain, he never returned. He died in Paris, Aug. 1, 1633. His latter days were spent in defend- ing the Reformed Church of France, and he wrote sev- eral books, the titles of which are given in Brandt's Hisf. of the Reformation and Quick's Si/nofticon. See Chal- mers, Biog. Diet. s. v. ; Hoefer, Xour. Biixj. Generale, s. v.
TILG ATII-PILN ESER
408
TILLOTSON
Til'gath-pilne'ser (1 Chron. v, 6, 26 ; 2 Chron. j xxviii, ■_'(•). Sue Tiglath-pileskii.
Tiling ((Cfp«/iioc, polte?!/ - wmr, hence a roof tile; conip. Xeiiopli. Mem. iii, 1, 7). The reiuieriiig of the A. V. at Luke v, 19, " through the tiHiig" {Sid rwv ki- pauioi'), occasions difficulty when we remember that liouses in I'alcstine are not covered with tiles, as they frequently are in Asia Minor and in Western countries. I Ionic many have suggested that Luke, being a native probably of Antioch, used the word ''tile'Mn the gen- eral sense of roof-material (Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. iii, 4; .lerome. Prol. to Com. on Sf. Muttheiv, vii, 4; Conybeare and Ilowson, St. Paul, i, oG7). As to the particular |)art or substance thus " broken up," most interpreters liave thought that it was tlie layer of sticks, brush, and hard-rolled clay which constitutes the ordinary flat roof of an Oriental house (Arundell, 7'rui: in A.'iia Minor, i, 171; Kussell, .1 /ejypo, i, 35), which Dr. Thomson says he has often seen thus removed for letting down grain, straw, or other articles {Land and Book, ii, 7). But this operation would have raised an intolerable dust, such as to drive the audience entirely away. Some suppose, therefore, that it was merely the scuttle through which the ))aralytic was lowered (Lightfoot, llorte llehraicw, ad loc. ), an explanation that scarcely meets the terms of the narrative. It probably was the awning (Shaw, TnireL; p. 21 1) or rather board or leafy screen over the gallery or interior veranda (Kitto, Daily Bible. Ilhtst, ad loc), which was easily removed and as easily re- jilaced. See House.