TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO 423 TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO
etc. (Bed. 1837, 8vo) ; Leo, Comment ariiis CLips. 1837-49, 2 vols. 8vo); Matthies, A"///oV. [iiicliul. Tit.] (Greifsw. 1840, 8vo); Mack [K. (.'.], Conniieiitdi- [iiiclud. Tit.] (Tub. 1841, 8vo); *Scliarlin,n-, r/;/<-/-.s(/t7(. etc. (from the Danish, Jeii. 184C, Svo) ; I'atersoii, Commentary [iiicliul. Tit.] (Lond. 1848, 18mo) ; Kudow, De Oriyine, etc. ((dot- ting. 18iV2, 8vo); *Ellicott, Commentary [includ. Tit.] (Lond. 18oG; Bost. 18GG, 8vo) : Mangold, Die Irrlehrer, etc. (Marb. 1856, 8vo) ; Vinke, Aanmerkinyen (Utr. 1859, 8vo) ; *()lto, Die Verhdltuisse, etc. (Leips. 1860, 8vo) ; Beck, Erkldr. (Leips. 1879, 8vo).
On the first epistle alone there are the following : Cruciger, Commentarius (Argent. 1540, 8vo); Phygio, Explunatio [includ. Levit.] (Basil. 1543, 4to; 1596,8vo); Venator, Distrihutiones (ibid. 1553; Lips. 1618, 8vo); IVIelancthon, Fjiarratio [includ. 2 Tim. 1 and ii] (Vi- temb. 1501, 8vo); Hessels \\\. C.'\, Commeittarius (Lo- van. 1568, 8vo); Chytrwus. Enarratio (Francof. 1569, 8\'o); \)ax\ve.\\s, Commentarius (Gcnev. 1578, 8vo); Di- biiad, Comnientarins (Hanov. 1598, 8vo) ; MeelfVihrer, Commentarius [includ. Eph. and Phil.] (Norib. 1628, 4to) ; Schmid, Farapki-asis (Hamb. 1691, 1694, 4to) ; Fleischmann, Commentarius (Tiib. 1795, 8vo); Paulus, De Tempore, etc. (Jen. 1799, 4to); Schleiermacher, Sendschr. etc. (Berl. 1807, 8vo) ; ¥\anck, Bemerk. etc. (Giitt. 1808, 8\-o); Beckhaus, />e aVo^ Acyo/f. etc. (Ling. 1810, 8vo); Wegscheider, Erkldr. (Gott. 1810, 8vo) ; Curtius, De Tempore, etc. (Berol. 1828, 8vo). See Epis- tle.
TIMOTHY, Second Eptstlf. to. This follows im- mediately the first in the New Test. The questions of genuineness and style have already been considered there. As in the case of the first epistle, the chronologi- cal ([uestions are the most difficult to answer satisfac- torily.
I. Date. — It is certain that the second epistle was written while the author was a prisoner (i, 8, 16, 17; ii, 9; iv, 21), at Rome, we may (for the present) assume; but the question arises, was it during his first or his sec- ond imprisonment that this took place?
1. In favor of the first, the most weighty considera- tion arises out of the fact that the apostle appears to have liad the same individuals as his companions when he wrote this epistle as he had when he wrote the epis- tles to tiie Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians, and that to Philemon, which we know were written during his first imprisonment at Rome. " At the beginning of the imprisonment," saj'S Hug, who has very forcibly stated this argument in favor of the earlier hypothesis, '•when the Epistle to the Ephesians was written, Timo- thy, who was not one of Paul's companions on the voy- age to Italy (Acts xxvii, 2), was not with him at Rome; f(jr Paul does not add his name in the address with which the epistle commences, as lie always did when Timothy was at his side. Timothy afterwards ar- rived ; and, accordingly, at the outset of the epistles to the Colossians and Philemon, his name appears with the apostle's (Col. i, 1 ; Philein. 1); secondly, Luke was in Paul's company (Col. iv, 14 ; Philem. 24) ; thirdly, Mark was likewise with him (Col. iv, 10; Philem. 24); fourthly, Tychicus was then Paul's Sic'ikovoq and let- ter-bearer, and, in particidar, was sent to Asia (Eph. iv, 21 ; Col. iv, 7. 8). All these circumstances are present- ed to view in the Second Epistle to Timothy. (1) Tim- othy was not with Paul at first, but was summoned to his side (2 Tim. iv, 9, 21) ; (2) Luke was with him (ver. 11) ; (3) he wishes Mark to come with Timothy, so that he must have been with him in the course of his im- prisonment (ver. 11); (4) Tychicus was with him in the capacity of letter-bearer, and, in particular, was sent to Asia (ver. 12). Now, in order to suppose that Paul wrote this epistle to Timothy during a second impris- onment at Rome, we must assume that the circum- stances of both were exactly the same, etc. We must also assume that Paul at both times, even in the latter part of Nero's reign, was permitted to receive friends during his confinement, to write letters, despatch mes-
sengers, and, in general, to have free intercourse with everybody" {Introduction [ Fosdick's transl. ], p. 556, etc.)!!
2. On the other hand, the difficulties lying in the way of this seem insuperable. Hug's reasoning assumes that the epistle must have been written in the early part of the apostle's imprisonment, else Timothy could not have been absent at the time of its composition. But that this is utterly inadmissible the following consiilerations show : (I.) ^\'hen Paul wrote to the Colossians, the Phi- lipliians. and Philemon, Demas was with him; when he wrote this epistle to Timothy, Demas had Ibrsaken him, having loved this present world and gone to Thessa- lonica (iv, 10). (2.) When Paul wrote to the Ephe- sians, Colossians, Philippians, and Philemon, he was in good hopes of a speedy liberation from his impris- onment ; when he wrote this epistle to Timothy he ha<l lost all these hopes, and was anticiiiating death as near at hand (ver. 6-8). (3.) At the time this epistle was written Paul had been, if not oftener, at least once, before the bar of the emperor, when he had offered his apology (ver. 16). (4.) Tychicus, the bearer of the let- ters to the Colossians, had been despatched from Rome before this epistle to Timothy was written (ver. 12). (5.) At the time the epistles to the Colossians and Phile- mon were written, Aristarchus was with Paid; by the time this was written, Aristarchus had left Paul (ver. 11). All these circimistances forbid our supposing that this Second Epistle to Timothy was written before the epistles above nained ; that is, in the early part of Paul's first imprisonment at Rome.