land to Marseilles by a thirty days' journey (Diod. Sic. V, 2) ; but Strabo (iii, 175) tells us that the Pha'uicians alone carried on this traffic in former times from tiades, concealing the passage from every one; ami that on one occasion, when the Bomans followed one of their vessels in order to discover the source of supply, the master of the ship ran upon a shoal, leading those who followed him to destruction. In course of time, however, the Komans discovered the passage. In Ezekiel, " the trade in tin is attributed to Tarsliish. as 'the merchant' for the commodity, will lout any mention of the place wlience it was procm-ed" (Cassiteridis. ji. 74) ; and it is after the time of .Julius Cresar that we first hear of the overlanil traffic by IMarseilles.
Plinj' (vi, 3(5) identifies the cassiteros of the Greeks with the jilunibiim album or candidum of the Komans, which is our tin. Stannnm, he says, is obtained from an ore containing lead and silver, and is the first to be- come melted in the furnace. The etymology of cassi- teros is uncertain ; but it is doubtless the same as the Arabic term l-asdir. From the fact that in Sanscrit las- tira signifies " tin," an argument has been derived in favor of India being the source of the ancient supply of tb.is metal, but too much stress must not be laid upon it. — Smith. See Leak. The name of some metal has been read in the Egyptian sculptures as Ichasil, wliich may refer to "tin." The Hebrew word refers to its principal use in making bronze, which was the case at a ver\r remote period of Egyptian history. A bronze, a|iparently cast, has been found bearing the name of Pharaoh Pejii of the sixth dynasty, who reigned cer- tainly five centuries before the Ext)de. In Egypt and Assyria bronze was generally made of ten or twenty parts of tin to eighty or ninety of copper, and there ap- pear to have been the same proportions in (irecian and Boman manufactures of u later age. Wilkinson sup- poses that the beautiful articles of workmanship fre- quently found in England, which have neither a (ireek nor a Boman type, were probably first introduced by tliis trade. One specimen of manufactured tin, now in the Truro IMuseum, has been discovered in Englan<l, which, as it differs from those made by the Bomans, is supposed to be of Phoenician origin. It is nearly three feet long by one broad, and three inches high (.4iic. Efjijptians, ii. 134 sq.). — Fairbairn. See Metal.
Tinction, a name applied, in the early Church, to the rite of baptism.
Tinda](l), Matthew, one of the successors of To- land and Shaftesbury in the school of English deists or freethinkers, was born at Beer-Ferrers, in Devonshire, about 1657. He was educated at Lincoln and Exeter colleges, Oxford ; took his A.B. in 1676; shortly after was elected fellow of All-Souls', and was admitted doc- tor of laws at Oxford in 1685. He retained his fellow- ship during the reign of James II by professing the Bo- man Catholic faith ; he afterwards recanted, however, and, adopting revolutionary principles, went to the other extreme, and wrote against the nonjurors. He now be- came an advocate, and sat as judge in the court of dele- gates, with a pension from the crown of £iW) per an- lunn. Some time afterwards, considerable attention was drawn to him by his work entitled The Hit/hts of the Christian Church (1706-7, 8vo), and the ensuing con- troversy; but the production which has rendered his name a memorable one was his Christianity as Old as the Cirafion (1730), which provoked replies from Dr. War- burton, Leland, Foster, and Conybeare. Dr. Middleton endeavored to take a middle course in this controversy, as may be seen in that article, but the most effective answer, though its very existence seems to have been forgotten, was that embodied in the Appeal of William Law, pul)lished in 1740. Tindal's line of argument was maiidy coincident with Shaftesbury's, that the immuta- l.>le principles of faith and duty must be found within the breast, and that no external revelation can have any authority equal to the internal: this he siqiported
TINDAL
420
TIPHSAH
bv much leai-iiins and show of arsjiiment, to which War- ImriDii thoiiglit lie liad rcpHcil l>y tlie mass of learn- ed evidence contained in his Lciialion. William Law, inakins,' no account of literary evidence, replied hy his masterlv development of the philosophy of the fall and liual recovery of mankind; a book remarkable for close argument aiitl for its many fine illustrations, but now obsolete in certain fumiamental principles. Tindal died in London, Aug- IIJ. l~'>-'>- and was interred in Clerken- well L'luircli. INIr. Tindal also wrote, .1 n Kssuy concern- iiif/ f/ii' poire}- of the Mmjlxtrate and the Rir/hts of A fan- kind in Matters of ReUnion (Lond. ]()97, «vo) : — 1 J)e- fence of the Ri;/h'fs of the Chi-vstian Church (ibid. 1709, 2 pts. 8vo): — The Nation Vindicated (ibid. 1711 ; pt. ii,
17 1 2) : War vrith Priestcraft, or the Freethinker's Iliad
(ibid. 1732, 8vo), a burlesque poem.
Tindal 1\ Nicholas, nephew of the preceding, was born in Devonshire in ll'>.S7; graduated A.IM. from Exeter College in 1713, and was chosen fellow of Trinity College. He entered holy onlers and became vicar of Great Waltham, Essex, and rector of Alverstoke, Hamp- shire. In 1740 he obtained the living of Colbourne, Isle of \\'ight, and soon after became chaplain of Green- wich Hospital. He died in 1744. Among his works arc, .4 Giride to Classical Learning (Lond. 1765, 12mo) : —a translation of Kapiu's History of Encjland, ^vith a Continuation from 1688 to the Accession of Geortje II (1744-47. in weekly Nos.) : — Antiquities, Saered and Profane\hom\. 1727, 4to; in Nos., never completed), vol. i. See Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and Anier. Authors, s. V. ; Darling, Cyclop. Bihliog. s. v.