TRANSPORTATION
526
TR ANSUBST A NTI ATION
the doctrine of evil spirits. This considerahle step to- wards reciinoiliiifi; the existence of stiffening witli that of a merciful tJod was distinctly set forlli liy Porphyry and Origen, and passed, in all proliuljility, with all the strange heresies of "Illuniinatidn," through such insti- tutions as the Cairene House of Sight and the Knights Templars, into the wild doctrines of the obscure sects of the Jliddle Ages in Europe. The Taborites, an extreme branch of the Hussites, are said to have accepted the doctrine.
One great philosopher, at lesfet, of modern times, G. E. Lessing, accounted for human progress by a species of transtnigration. He argues that the soul is a simple being capable of intinite conceptions, which are obtain- ed in an intinite succession of time. The order and measure of the acquisition of these conceptions are the senses. These, at present, are five; but there is no evi- dence that they have always been the same. Nature, never taking a leap, must have gone through all the lower stages before it arrived at that which it occupies now. . . . And since nature contains many substances and powers which are not accessible to those senses with which it is now endowed, it must be assumed that there will be future stages at which the soul will have as many senses as correspond with the powers of nature.
9. Modern S'lvar/es. — 'PvohaSM the lowest forms of this belief are those found among some of the tribes of Africa and America, which hold that the soul, iminedi- ately after death, must look out for a new owner, enter- ing, if need be, even the body of an animal. Some of the Africans assume that the soul will choose with pre- dilection the body of a person of similar rank to that of its former owner, or a near relation of his. They there- fore frequently bury their dead near the liouses of their relatives in order to enable the souls of tlie former to occupy the newly-born children of the latter, and the princely souls to re-enter the princely family ; and some- times holes are dug in the grave to facilitate the soul's egress from it.
In North America some tribes slaughter their cap- tives to feed with their blood such soids in suspense. The negro widows of jNIatamba are especially afraid of the souls of their husbands: for at the death of these they immediatelj' throw themselves into the water to drown their husbands' souls, which otherwise, they im- agine,Would cling to them. The natives of Madagas- car seetn to have invented a kind of artificial transmi- gration ; for in the hut where a man is about to die they make a hole in the roof in order to catch the out- going soul and to breathe it into the bodj' of another man at the point of death.
See Metemjm/cho.iis by a Modern Pythagoi-ean, in Blackwood's Mitfj. xix, .511; Confessions of a Metemp- sychosian, in Fi'iiser's Mag. xu,4i)6; Ulunt, Diet of /list. Theology, s. v.; Chambers's Encyclop. s. v.; Delitzsch, Biblical Psychology, p. G45; Gardner, Faiths of the World; Hendrick, Chi-isfianity ; Hardy, Buddhism, art. "Metempsychosis;" Ueberweg, History of Philosoj)hy (see Index).
Transportation is a term used in Scotland for the removing or translation of a minister from one parish or
congregation to another.
Transiibstantiation {change of substance), a word applied to the alleged conversion or change of the sub- stance of the bread and wine in the eucharist into the body and blood of Jesus Christ at the time the officiat- ing priest utters the words of consecration.
I. The Term. — Probably the first to make use of the word transiibstantiatio was Peter Damin ( E.rpositio Can. Miss. cap. vii ; iMai, Script. Vet. Nov. Coll. VI, ii, 215), A.D. 9!S8-1072; though similar expressions, such astrans- itio, had previously been employed. Its use was, how- ever, limited, and in the 12th century was becoming very rare. Its first appearance as a term accepted and recognised by the Church is in the first of the Seventy Constitutions presented to the fourth Council of Lateran
(1215) by Innocent III, and tacitly adopted by that council. The term thus adopted by the Western Church has its counteri)art in the Eastern Churcli in tlie term Metousiosis (Mfroiiffuoffit"), which was fdrmally adopt- ed, in the "Orthodox Confession of Faith of the Catho- lic and Apostolic Church of the East," in 1643; and in Art. xvii of the Council of Bethlehem, or of Jerusalem, in 1672.
The Church of England never adopted the word " transubstantiation" in any formal dociuncnt; and at the same time that the Council of Trent was fixing it upon the Latin Church, the sacred synod of the English Church was declaring, in the 28th art. of Keligion, " Pa- nis et vini Transiibstantiatio in Eucharistia ex sacris Uteris probari non potest, sed apertis Script line verbis adversatur et multarum superstitionum dedit occasio- nem" (A.l). 1552). This part of Art. xxviii now stands in English in the following form : "Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of bread and wine) in the supper of the Lord cannot be proved b\- Holy Writ, but is re])ugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthrow- eth the nature of a sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions" (A.D. 1571).