In 1851 JNIuard founded an order of Trappist (ireach- ers in the bishopric of Sens, who established themselves in a convent near Avallon. Tliey observe the Trajipist ride and wear the habit of the order, but by dispensation are allowed to break the vow of silence and serve the Church by preaching. See Per Katholik, Sept. 1851, p. 239 sq. ; Herzog, Real-Enci/klop. s. v.; Helyot, Ottb-ts Relif/icUT, s. V.
Tiask, .lonN, a Sabbatarian Puritan, was a native of Sotnersetshire, and, after being a schoolmaster until he was thirty-four years of age, became a jjreaclier in London about 1617. He was at first refused ordination by the bishop of Bath and Wells, but "afterwards got orders and began to vent his opinions." He enjoined severe asceticism upon his followers, inducing them to fast tliree days at a time, alleging that the tliird day's fast would bring them to the condition of justified saints, according to the promise "after two days he will revive us; in the third day he will raise us up, and we shall live in his sight" (Hos. vi, 1). Among other precepts
TRASKITES
529
TREASURE
stricth' enforced by Trask was that of doing everytliing by the law of Scripture, having been converted to this view by the arguments of Hamlet Jackson. Trask pre- scribed to his followers ceremonial customs respecting dress and domestic life; required Jewish strictness in the observance of Sunday; and eventually adopted Sat- urday as the Sabbath. On April 1, 1034, the commis- sioners for ecclesiastical causes ordered the prosecution of all separatists, novelists, and sectaries, among whom the Traskists were named. Trask was brought before the Star-chamber, where his Judaizing opinions and practices were refuted b\' bishop Andrewes, and he was put in the pillory. He is said to have aftervvarils re- canted his errors, but became an Antiuomian before his death, the date of which is not given. His followers began to be called Seventh-day men about the year J 700. The published works of Trask are, Sermon on Afark xvi, 16 (Lond. 1G15, 8vo) : — Treatise of Liberty from Judaism (1G"20, 4to) : — Power of Preachim/ (1G23, 8vo): — The True Gospel, etc., from the Reproach, of a New Gospel (1G3G, sm. r2mo). See Paget, ffei-esinr/ra- phi/(l(i&>, p. 161, 184) ; Baker, Chronicle ; Fuller, Ckiirrh Jlistory of Great Britain; lirook, Puritans ; Chamber- lain, Present State of England for 1702. p. 258. — Blmit, Diet, of Sects, s. V. ; Allibone, JDict. of Brit, and A mer. A uthors, s. v.
Traskites. See Trask, John.
Traiithson, the name of an ancient Tvrolcse fam- ily which furnished two representatives to the episcopal otKce in the Church of Home. The former of these was twenty-first bishop of Vienna, and died in 1702. The latter, Johann JosEPit, Count Trauthson and Falcken- stein, was born in 1704 at Vienna, in which city he stud- ied (and possibly at Kome and Sienna), became canon and provost, and in 1751 was made prince-archbishop of Vienna. He issued a pastoral letter in which he nrged his clergy to prefer the presentation of necessary truths to that of merely useful truths in their sermons, and re- monstrated against the excessive zeal expended in the preaching of the merits of saints, while but little atten- tion was given to the preaching of the merits of Christ. He also condemned the introduction of odd or laughable elements into the preaching. This circular occasioned great excitement, and called forth a number of apuloget- ical and polemical tracts, which are enumerated in Acta J/ist. Eccl. xviii, 1008 sq. ; Heinsius, Kirchenhist. iv, 329 sq. ; and Henke, Kircliem/esck. v, 292 sq. Many Protes- tants suspected that the archbishop had understated the -tenets of his Church in order to win over uninformed Protestants, and many Romanists charged him with hav- ing begun tlie betrayal of the Church. Both, however, were mistaken. Trauthson was influenced by the "en- lightenment" of his time, but was none the less a zealous supporter of the Cluirch of Home. His letter was, how- ever, productive of no special results. jMaria Theresa appointed him chief director of studies in the University of Vienna and director of the Theresiamnn, and ]iope Benedict XIV made him cardinal in 175G. He |)er- suaded the curia to reduce the number of festivals in his diocese. He died March 10, 1757. His pastoral letter has been translated into many languages. See Von Eiuem, Ver's. einer vollst. Kirchenffesch. d. 18. Jahrh. ( Leips. 1782 sq.), i, 554, 590; Schrockh, Kirchengesch. vii, 309-313; Leben d. Cardinale d. iS.Jalirh. iii, 2G0.— Her- zog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.
Travelling (prop, some form of irnx, ardch, es- pecially HTN, oreuch, a traveller; fem. tiniX, orechdh, a " travelling company" [(Jen. xxxvii. 25; Isa. xxi, 13], !. e. caravan') in the East is still much more cumbersome than with us, since it is almost exclusively undertaken solely on errands of business, and rarely for purposes of ]ileasure. Its laboriousness is partly occasioned by the sandy and desert nature of the country, which often re- quires way-marks to be set np for gindnnce (Arrian, Exped. Alex, v, 26); partlv bv the bad and neglected X.— Ll
roads (comp. Philo, Qpp. ii, 578), espeeiaIT\f in winter [see Boad] ; partly by the general absence of proper hotels [see Inn]; and partly by the bands of robbers who infest the country in general (comp. 2 Cor. xi, 26). See BoBBEit. Commerce (q. v.) is carried on Ity means of caravans (q. v.), which carry all necessaries with them, and are often so large as to seem like a considerable army (see Wellsted, Peisen, p. 227). Part of the company is always armed, and constitutes the van and rear guard (see Olivier, \'otiage,\i,M9 sq.). In the desert a local guide is usually employed (comp. Numb, x, 31), and a beacon-fire as a standanl by night (see, generally, Jahn, Archciol. I, ii, 17 sq.). Single travellers in the interior of the well-inhabited country, or in Palestine proper, usually ride upon asses (1 Sam. xxv, 20, 42 ; 2 Sam. xvii, 23; 1 Kings ii, 40; 2 Chron. xxviii, 15; comp. Lidve x, 34) ; tourists, however, and sheiks, upon horses; and in some instances wagons were anciently used as vehicles (1 Kings xii, 18; 2 Kings xix, 21 ; Actsviii,28) in cer- tain parts of the counlry. jNIost persons went on foot (comp. John iv, G) and carried their most essential sup- plies with them (Judg. xix, 18 sf].. i. e. Trijpn. JIatt. x, 10), likewise a tent (<). v.) under wliich to encamp if in a solitary region (Dionys. Hal. viii, 3 ). Gloves are men- tioned in the jMishna {Chelim, xvi. 6) as travelling ap- paratus. The Jews journeyed to the great festivals in caravans (Luke ii, 42, 44) with song and rejoicing. Single travellers usually foimd a ready hospitality (ex- cept among the Samaritans towards Jews), and event- ually khans (q. v.) were est,ablishe<i along the highways, especially for non-Israelites (see Reisegger, Reisen, iii, 62 sq.). Travellers of distincti<m were often welcomed with torchlights and great ceremony (2 Mace, iv, 22), and for princes the roads were frequently repaired (Psa. Ixviii, 5; Isa. xl, 3; Diod. Sic. ii, 13; Arrian, Alex, iv, 30; Josephus, War, iii, G, 2). Also on departing they were dismissed with an honorary procession (^npoTrtfi- TTtir, Acts xxi, 5; dediicere, Cicero, Cat. Maj. xviii) and many ceremonious attentions (Acts xv, 3; Rom. xv, 24; 1 Cor. xvi, IG; 3 John 6). Samaria was avoided as a route by the Jews. The Galilieans, in visiting the fes- tivals at Jerusalem, usually went along the Jordan or through Pcraja (Lid;e xvii, 11; John iv, 4; Josephus, Ant. XX, 6, 1). See Samaritan. Journeying on the Sabbath was forbidden in postexilian times (see Jose- phus, Ant. xiii, 8, 4). — Winer. See Saiujatii - day's JoiTitNEY. On account of the heat travel was some- times pursued by night. (See, generally, IIackett,/^/MS??-. <f Script, p. 12-16.) See Jouunev.