Tiidehope, Archibald, a Presbyterian minister, was born at Paisley, Scotland, Aug. 19, 1801; graduated at the University of Cilasgow in April, 1822; studied theology at the Divinity Hall of the Kelief Synod in Paisley; was licensed by the llelief Presbytery of (ilas- gow in 1828, and ordained pastor of the Church in An- nan, in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Oct. 14, 1834. In 1838 he emigrated to the United States, and became pastor of the Ninth Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, where he remained till 1849. He died Dec. G, 18G1. He was an instructive preacher, and his sermons to children were specially successful efforts. See Wilson, Prtsb. Jlist. A limmac, 18G3, p. 214.
Tudela, P>i:njamin {ben-Jonah) ov, the famous Jew- ish traveller of tlie Pith cent ury, is known for his research- es on the state of the various colonies of the Hebrew people, both in the East and in the West. F'rom 11G5 to 1173 he travelled in several countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa, and iiublished his results in his Massaoth, or Jtinei-arinin of Benjamin. Among Christians the book has not been favorably received. In the first place, the whole of its comple.xion is Jewish — recording in every place of his arrival the census, condition, and leading names of his nation; scarcely ever noticing the objects which usually invite the attention of Gentile travellers, such as customs, climate, language, politics, historv, etc. In the second place, he commits numerous errors in dates and names when he does refer to (Jentile history; and, thirdly, tlie farther he advances from home, the more wonderful are his reports concerning the numbers and wealth (if the Jews. These considerations have in- duced every one of his translators to believe that he
never quitted Spain, but made a compilation of all the travellers' tales he could gather respecting foreign lands. On the other hand, tribbon (DecHne,v,o4><, ]\Iilman's ed.) remarks, "The errors and fictions of the Jewish rabbi are not sufficient grounds to deny the reality of his travels." In our days, however, deeper investigation has certified the reality of the voyage, and the actual truth of many of its details, which are, however, mixed up with mucli that is fabulous, and accompanied by many incredible tales. This curious book of travels was edited, with a Latin translation, by Arias Montanus at Antwerp in 1G22, and by L'Empereur at Leyden in 1G33; with an English translation it was published in Purchas's L'il- f/rims (Lond. 1G25, ii, 1437); by Harris, in CulhetioH if Voijages and Trucels (ibid. 1744-48), i, 54G 555; by Gerrons (ibid. 1784); by Pinkert<in, in his Collection of Voyages and Travels of the World (ibid. 1804-14), vol. vii ; and in Bohn's Early Travels in Palestine (ibid. 1848, p. 63-12G). The best edition is that of Asher, The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela (translated, etc. ; vol. i, bib- liography and translation, Lond. and Berl. 1840; vol. ii, notes and essays, ibid. 1841). A French translation is given in Vie.TQ^von, Collection de Voyages, faits princi- palement en Asie, dans les XI J', XJII', XIV', et XV^ Si'ecles (the Hague, 1735, 2 vols.); by Barratier (Amst. 1784, 2 vols.) ; another transl. appeared at Paris in 1830; a Dutch transl. by Bara (Amst. 1G6G) ; and a German transl. in Jewish characters by Arbich (Frankf.-on-the-M. 1711). See Flirst, Bibl. .Jud. i, 1 17 sq. ; De' Itossi, Dizio- nario Storico, p. 321 sq. (Germ, transl.) ; Griitz, Gesch. d. Juden, vi, 214; Braunschweiger, Gesch. d. Jnden in d. romun. Staaten, p. 154; Dessauer, Gesch. d. Ltraeliten. p. 289, 371-420 ; Jost, Gesch. d. Judenth. u. s. SeLten, ii, 54 ; iii, oG3 ; Basnage, Ilistoire des Juifs, p. G17 (Taylor's transl.) ; Da Costa, Israel and the Gentiles, p. 283 sq. ; Linilo, History if the Jews in Spain, p. C7 ; Finn, Sephar- dim, p. 210 sq. ; Etheridge, Introductiou to Hebrew Lit- erature, p. 259 ; Adams, History of the Jews (Boston, 1812}, 1, 238 sq. (B. P.)
Tudor, Salatiiikl, a Methodist Episcopal minister, was born in Bedford County, Pa., in 1789. Converted when a youth, he labored as a local preacher for eleven, years, and was received on trial in the Pittsburgh Con- ference in 1827. In 1829 his health declined; in 1830 he was a superannuate, and he died Nov. 2G of the same year. As a preacher he was acceptable and useful. " His end was peaceful and glorious." See Minutes of Annual Conferences. 1832, p. 159.
Tudor Flower. See Tt:noit Stylk.
Tudor Rose. A conventional representation of the rose, found in Third-pointed architectural work, both in wood and stone carvings, ailopted in honor of the Tudors.
Tudor Style. This name is used by some writers on (Jotliic architecture, but they do not agree in the application of it. It is variously employed to designate the Perpendicular style throughout its continuance — the latter period of this style — and the mixed style which sprang up on the decline of Gothic architecture, usually called Elizabethan. The term is not very extensively used, and is most commonly understood to mean late Perpendicular work, and Henry VII's Chapel at West- minster is looked upon as the most perfect specimen in this style. The Tudor Flower is a flat flower, or leaf, placed upright on its stalk, much used in Perpendicular work, especially late in the style, in long suites as a