countable for the deeds of all the members united to that head. Accordingly Christ, in his corporate capac- ity, was truly guilty of the offence of the human race, and could be, as he actually was, justly punished for it ; and the race, because of this union, really suffered in him all the penalty which he endured, and thus fully! satisfied justice. There is no more piinishmeiil, tliere- fore, due for sin. nor any further occasi(ui for declaring the demands of the law, except to make men feel their inability to obey, and thus compel them to an exclu- sive reliance on Christ the head. He has effected a complete and finished justification of the whole world. When man belit^ves this he is freed from the sense of guilt, freed also from all doubt and fear. Until he be- lieves it he is, whether in this workl or in another, un- der the condemnation of unbelief and darkness, the only condemnation now [jossible to the human race. Li il- lustration and defence of this theory, Kelly wrote and published several books, preached zealously in London and vicinity, and gathered a congregation in the me- trojiolis. After'his death in 1778, two societies were formed from his congregation ; but both have now ceased to exist, as has the society gathered by Win- chester about 1789, and the Church founded by David Thom, D.D., in Liverpool in 1825. The Unitarians in England are all believers in Universalism, as are also many of the Congregationalists.
3. In A merica Universalism is the result of the proc- lamation of a variety of theories, some of them at a very early date, all resulting iu one conclusion — the final ho- liness of the human race. Sir Henry Vane, as was said above, was a Universalist. It is not known that while in America he made any public avowal of that belief; but the presumption is that he did not stand alone. In July, 1684, Joseph (Jatchell, of ^larblehead, Mass., was brought before the Suffolk County Court for discoursing " that all men should be saved," and, being convicted, was sentenced "to the pillory and to have his tongue drawn forth and pierced with a hot iron." Dr. (ieorge De Benneville, also mentioned above, came to America in 1741, expressly called of God, as he believed, to preach the Gospel in the New World. For more than fifty years he preached in various parts of Pennsylvania, IMaryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. He was not an organizer, but simply a preacher, and quite a volumi- nous writer, though only a few of his productions were published. For several years he was welcomed to the pulpits of the " Brethren" (Dunkers). It was no doubt at his suggestion that Siegvolk's Krerl<istin(j Gospel v;as translated into English, and published by Christopher Sower, printed, probably, on the identical press on which the BerUbiirf/er Bibel had been struck off. This edi- tion was reviewed by Rev, N. Pomp, a German minister in Philadelphia. Alexander Mack, an eminent preach- er among the Dunkers, rejilied to Pomp, defending Sieg- volk's views. This work was never published, but the ]MS. is still preserved. There was found among Dr. De Benneville's papers, after his death, in 1793, a Commen- tari/ on the Apiicdhip.te, which was ])rinted in German, at Lebanon, Pa., in 1808. There was also Unirersiiliiim in the J-Jpiscopiil Chiirrh. Rev. Richard Clarke, rector of St. Philip's in Charleston, S. C, from 1754 to 1759, was a pronounced advocate of it; as was Rev. John Ty- ler^ rector of the Church in Norwich, Conn., who wrote a work in its defence, which was published by some one to whom he had loaned his MS., about 1787. Some of the Congregationalists of New England were believers in LTniversalism ; among them Dr. Jonathan iNIayhew, minister of the West Church in Boston from 1747 to 1766, who distinctly avowed his belief in it in a pub- lished Thanks<iinng Sermon, Dec. 9, 1762. Dr. Charles Chaimcy, minister of the First Church in Boston from 1727 to 1787, issued a |)amplilet on the subject in 1782, wliich was reviewed by Dr. Samuel iSIather. In 1784 his larger work The Salration of All Men was publish- ed, a second edition following in 1787. Dr. Joseph Ilimtington, minister in Coventry, Comi., from 1762 to
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1794, left a work in favor of Universiilisni, entitled Cal- vinism Improved, which was piil)lislied in 17'J6.
([I.) Fonnal. — In 1770 .Inhn Mnrray (i\. v.), who had formerly been a Methodist in Ireland and England, but more recently a convert to the views of James Kelly, came to America and commenced the proclatiiatioii of Universalism on the Rellyan theory. After itinerating a few years in various parts of the country, from Vir- ginia to Massachusetts, he made liis home in Cilouces- ter, Mass., where, in 1779, he organized a society of Uni- versalists, under the name of "The Independent Chris- tian Church." With the exception of a few months spent in the army, as chaplain of the Rhode Island Bri- gade, he ministered to the society in Gloucester, making occasional missionary tours through the coimtry till 1793, when he removed to Boston, where a societ}' had been formed in 1785. and remained there as its pastor till his death, in 1815.
In 1781 Elhanan Winchester, who had been an emi- nent Baptist clergyman in Philadelphia, became a Uni- versalist, and gathered a Universalist society in that city, which took the name of " Universal Baptists.'' As a Baptist his views were moderately Calvinistic, if not wholly Arminian, and his Universalism differed in little or notiiing from tlie present so-called evangelical doc- trines, except in regard to the duration and design of future punishment and the final restoration of all lost men and angels. Fifty thousand years, which would bring in the great jubilee, was the extreme limit in his theory of the punishment of the most sinful. Mr. Win- chester itinerated extensively, as far south as the Caro- linas and north to Massachusetts. Like Ue Benneville, he was for a time welcomed to the pulpits of the l>nn- kers, who, from their tirst coming to America in 1719, have been believers in universal restoration, although, in the main, holding it privately. Some of their preach- ers were bold in its advocacy; and it was proclaimed and defended in several of their published works, nota- bly so by .James Bolton, who, in 1793, published a pam- phlet at Ephrata, Pa., in which he censures the " Breth- ren" for not giving greater publicity to it, asserting that " the German Baptists (Dimkers) all believe it." About the year 1785 the Dunkers became alarmed by the preaching of some persons, now unknown, against future punishment, and rtiially took action that cut off John Ham, one of their preachers of this theory, and his followers from the Church, and forbade the procla- mation of Universalism in any form. In 1786 Mr. Win- chester went to England, where he preached and pub- lished books in defence of his views and established a society. He returned to America in 1795 and died in 1796.