(9.) Change in the order of words; a numerous class, as may be seen on almost any page of Scrivener's iXo- viini Testnmentiun (in the Cambridge classics). Many of these variations differ from each other no more than the English phrases "^neas by name" and "by name iEneas" (Acts ix, 33); "went up straiglUway" and "straightway went up" (Matt, iii, 16). Most of them, however, are not easily accounted for. Such cases as ytvo/tfi'ot; w tavno and f j' lavTio ytvofiivoq (Acts xii, 11), and similar colloquial phrases, may have been due to local habit and usage. In the greater number, per- haps, the copyist himself, after reading a clause, maj- not have recalled, in writing it, the exact order f)f the words; or he may have been unconsciously misled by one occurring to him more correct or pointed in expres- sion, or more [)leasiug to the ear. In many there is ground for such preference ; as in Acts ix, 13, oaa kukci ETTOirjffi roit," ayioig aov and ocra KaKa toiq ayioiQ aov nr()ir](Te.
(10.) The article, in the use of which the MSS. are very fluctuating, is sometimes neglected or inserted without apparent ground. Significant is the reading
of some MSS. (among them D) in Luke xii, 54, "When ye see the cloud (" the rain-betokening cloud," 1 Kings xviii, 44) rising from the west." But the omission of the article liere is strongly attested by A, B, N, L, X, A. (11.) In the use and disuse of the elision the MS.S. fluctuate : 1 John ii, 16, aXX tK (A, S, K, L), aXXa eK (B, C); 1 Cor. vii, 4. aXXa 6 (A, B, S, C), aXX 6 (D, E, G, K, L, P). It is probable that the shorter elided form was that of oral speech, and passed into the earlier written language. More doubtful is the neglected as- piration of mutes before the rough breathing: Luke xii, 53, £7ri v'lw (B, X, T, X, T, A, A); t<p v'tuj (A, D, K, L,
(12.) Error from the similar construction of two suc- cessive clauses: James ii, 18, the first ek (K, L) for XtttpiG (A, B, t^ C, P), the copyist confounding the tK Tiov fpyuii' of the two clauses. His blunder is perpet- uated in our current Greek text through the misjudg- ment of IMill, whose long and involved exposition of the meaning is its own refutation. The H KAINH AIAHHKH of Coliiueus (1534) has the true reading. The English version here follows the true reading. In 1 Pet. iii, 20, "once — waited." it follows a false reading {anaS, e'CiSext'o) without MS. authority, and received on conjecture by Erasmus. The true reading is aTve^e- CExiTo (A, B, X^ C, I), P).
(13.) Synonyms, and also words that in certain con- nections may serve as such, are readily interchanged: Matt. XX, 34, ofi^aTojv (P., D, L, G), of^aXfiajr (X, C, N). In xxv, 16 the reading "made" [live talents] is equivalent in meaning to "gained" [five talents]. For the former {tTroitjrri) are A, N. X, P, A, 6 ; for the latter (tKep£ij(Ti) are A=, N"^, B, C, D, L. So likewise ix, 29, ofijiuTiov (D), o(p^aXi.twv (all others) ; vi, 1, ^iKniocri)- v,]v (B, X, D), iXtr]HO(nn>i]v ( E, K, L, M, S, U, Z). But it may well be doubted whether by the former the Saviour meant almsyiving,a?. im|ilied in the alternative reading. He first states the general principle that good deeds are not to be done to be seen of men, and then illustrates it by the case of ostentations almsgiving. The phrase was already a familiar one : Psa. cvi, 3, " he that doeth righteousness;" Isa. Iviii, 2, "a nation that did righteousness ;" 1 John ii, 29, " every one that doeth righteousness;" iii, 7, 10. So likewise IMatt. xxvii, 4, a^ixiov (A, B, X, C, X), Sikoiov (B marg. L).
(14.) Of proper names the variations in spelling are very frequent: 1 Cor. xvi, 19, UpiaKa (B, X, M, P), npicTKiXXa (A, C, D, E, F, G); John vii, 19, MwDtrfe ( B, X, D, K, L, S, T, X, A, n ), M w(T/,e ( P, A ). Most significant is the variation in Acts xi, 20, EXXrjvac (A, XS D), EXXipncTTaQ (B, D=, E, H, L, P) (comp. vi, 1). Of places: Matt, iv, 13, Kai^apvaovix ( B, X, D, G), Kanipvaovn (C, E, K, L, M, P, S, U, V) ; xv, 39, M«- yaSav (B, X, D), MoySaXa (E, F, G, H, K, L, S, U, V); Luke X, 30, Ifpaxw (B, L, X), Ifptx^o (A, B , X, C, D,
3. Tntenfional I nrintions. — Of these the greater num- ber affect only the form of the text.
(1.) Gi'ammatical Chiniffes. — (r>.) In the oblique case after a preposition, to express what was understood to be the required relation : Acts ii, 30, /ca^io-nt ettj tov ^po7'ov (A, B, X, C, D), KciS^KTai etti tov ^porov (E, P) ; Rev. iv, 2, ettj top Bpovov KaSrrjficvoQ (A, B, X), ETTt TOV Bpovov Kn^r]^ifvoQ (P); ver. 9, Ka^r]nii>o) tTri rw Siportt) (A, X), icaS-»y/(Ei'w (tti tov ^povov (B, P) ; xix, 5, avo tov ^pot'ov t^ijX^e (A, B. C), ik tov ipovov t^ijXit (X. P); ]\Iark vii, 30, (itliX7]fi(i'Tiv btti TTjg kXi- j'jje (A, N, X, r, n), fitfiXrjpn'iiv iiTi Ttji' kXiptiv (B, X, D, L, A), (h.) Rectifying a supposed solecism : Matt. V, 28, iiri^vi^Tjcrat avT)]v (B, D, E, K, L, S, U, V), etti-