2. Aiitipope against Alexander III. He was pre- viously a cardinal, Octarianiis. Enthroned in 1159, he was recognised and protected by the em|ieror Frederick Barbarossa and en<lorscd by the synods of Pavia in 1160 and of Lodi in 1161, hut never ecpialled his rival in ecclesiastical power or in moral influence. He died in 1164 at Lucca, and was followed by Paschal III. See Von Raumer, Hoheiistaii/en, ii, 123 sq.; Renter, Gesch. Alexander's III ii. d. Kirche s. Zeit, i, 129, 401 sq. ; Herzog, Real-EncyHop. s. v.
Victoria, a Christian martyr of the Dioclesian per- secution ( A.D. 284-312), was a native of an inland town in Numidia. She was one of a band of Cliristians who had met in the house of a church reader, and were seized and brought to Carthage to be arraigned before the tribunal of the proconsul. Her father and brother were still pagans; and her brother, upon her refusal to go with him, claimed tliat she was not in her right mind. "'This is my mind," replied she, "and I have not altered it." She died in triumphant faith. See Neander, Hist, of the Church, i, 152.
VICTORINUS
775
VICTUALS
Victorinus, bishop of Pettau (Petavionemis), a town ill ancient Tannonia — not of Poitiers, as Baro- nius states — lived about A.U. 290, and was an orator before be became a bishop. He was of (ireek cxtrac- t'ion, and was better acquainted with tlie Grecian tlian tiie Latin tont^ue. Of iiis works, a fragment, De Fubri- ca Mundi, was |uiblishcd by Cave (see below). Jerome says that Victorinus wrote commentaries on most of the books of the Old Test., and he is also credited with the authorship of a commentary on the Apocalypse. He died, according to the Roman martyrology, a martyr's death, under Diocletian, about 303. See Dupin, Nou- velle Bill, des Auteurs EccUs. (Paris, 1693), i, 194; Cave, Scriptorum Eccles. Hist. Lit. (Genev. 1693), p. 73 sq. ; Max. Bibl. Vet. Patr. etc. (Lugd. 1677), vol. iii, where the commentary on the Apocalypse occurs, p. 414 sq. ; Herzog, Real-Euci/klop, s. v.
Victory, in Roman mythology, was the daughter of Pallas and Styx. Victory personified (called by the (Jreeks N('k(j) was generally represented in connection with other deities, who carry her upon their hands; for instance, Jupiter, Minerva, Venus. She also ap- pears with victors in races, whose horses she guides. She is pictured as a maiden similar to Minerva, with wings, a palm-branch, and a wreath. In the accompa- nying cut she appears bringing a sacrifice to Minerva.
Antique Figure of Victory.
Victricius, St. Tradition makes him to have been a soldier who became a Christian and wished to leave the army, for which reason he was condemned to under- go severe tortures, but escaped, because the lictor who liad him in charge became blind, and the prisoner's fet- ters refused to hold him bound. After being liberated. Victricius became bishop of Rouen (A.D. 380-390), and an active missionary. He sustained intimate relations with Martin of Tours and Paidinus of Nola. About 393 he visited England for the purpose of restoring peace to the Church, into which the Pelagian faction had brought discord; but was himself suspected of her- esy and compelled to visit Rome (403), in order to prove his orthodoxy. Pope Innocent I thereupon gave him a paper intended to be a guide in the administra- tion of ecclesiastical disci] dine, and also for the deport- ment of believers generallv. He died, probably, in 407 or 408, and left a work, entitled De Lande Sanctorum, which was published by Lebeuf (Paris, 1739). His day is Aug. 7. — Herzog, Real- Encijklop. s. v.
Victrix (Jhe victoi-ess) was a surname of Vkxiis.
Victuals (represented In- several Ileb. and (Jr. Words, which are variously rendered in the A. V. ). The necessary act of taking food was, at a very early
period of the world's history, connected immediately with religion. Thus the paschal lamb and the unleav- ened bread spoke in pleasing tones and by striking em- blems, to each successive generation, of the great his- torical fact of nfhich they were designed to be the per- petual memento. In like manner the Lord's supper (I Cor. xi. 20), the breaking of bread from house to house (Acts ii, 46), and the aycnrai, or love-feasts — feasts of charity (Jude 12) — were all, especially the first, both wisely designed and admirably fitted to bring into play, in connection with religion, the better feelings of^ hu- manity, to maintain in everlasting remembrance the events which they symbolized, to make eating and drinking an act of religion, and to make religiou a pleasure. See Agape; Passover; Supper.
1. The productions of a country, at an early period of the world, necessarily determined its food. Palestine abounded with grain and various kinds of vegetables, as well as with animals of ditt'erent species. Such, ac- cordingly, in general, was the sustenance which its in- habitants took. See Cereals.
The use of fire, and the state of the arts of life in a country, must also have important influence on its cook- ery; in other words, will go far to determine the state in which the natural productions of the earth will be eaten. If the grain is to become bread, a long, and by no means easy, process has to be gone through. Skill in preparing food is therefore held in high repute; so that, as in Homer, princes slay the cattle, and poetry details the process by which the carcass is made ready for being eaten (^fliud, i, 457). See Cook.