Viel, De. See Duvbil.
Vienna, Council of (Concilium Vindohmense), was held i\Iay 10, 1267, by Guy, cardinal-legate. A consti- tution in nineteen articles was published, very similar to that drawn up in the Council of Cologne in the year preceding.
By cauou 3, clerks having wives or coucubiiies were or-
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iereA to seiiavate from them withiu a month, uuder paiu of bfiiiLT (U-|)rived.
6. All pliualities were forbidden.
14. Forbids abbots to consecrate chalices, patens, or any ecclesiastical vessel or vestment.
The last live relate to the Jews.
See Mansi, Concil. xi, 858.
Vienne, Councils of (Cmici/iiim npiid Viennam A 1- lol>n>;jniii,oT Vifiineii-se), Vienne is a citj' of Dauphine, France, where niimerous Church councils were held.
I. The first of which mention is made was held A.D. 474. Of its transactions nothing is known beyon<l the fact that it sanctioned the solemn observance of the three days preceding Ascension-day, which bishop Ma- merciis of Vienne had ordered.
II. Held A.l). 870, simply confirmed the privileges bestowed upon a monastery.
III. Held A.D. 892, by order of pope Formosus, whose two legates, Pascal and .John, presided. Several bish- ops were present, and four canons were published.
1, 2. E.vcommunicate those who seize the property of the Church, or maltreat clerks.
4. Forbids laymen to present to churches without the C(Uisent of the bishop of the diocese; also forl)ids them to I take any present from those whom they present.
See ^lansi, Concil. ix, 433.
IV. Held A.D. 907; was convoked bj^ archbishop Al- exander of Vienne, and settled a dispute between abbots Aribert and Barnard respecting the income receipts of monasteries.
V. Held A.D. 1112 by archbishop Guido; excommu- nicated emperor Henry V because he claimed the right of episcopal investiture, and revoked the treaty of 1111 which conferred such right upon the crown.
VI. Held A.D. 1119; was called by pope Gelasius II, who had again excommunicated Henry V, on the occa- sion of his setting up an antipope in the person of Greg- ory VIII ; but nothing whatever concerning the trans- actions of this synod is known.
VH. Held A.D. 1124; was incited by pope Calixtus II, and called bj- archbishop Peter of Vienne; legislated with reference to the securing of ecclesiastical privileges and ))ossessions.
VIII. Held A.D. 1142; was chiefly concerned with the election of a new bishop.
IX. Held A.D. 1164, at which archbishop Reginald of Cologne vainly endeavored to secure a recognition of Paschal III, whom the emperor Frederick had en- dorsed.
X. Held A.D. 1199, by the cardinal-legate Peter of Capua, for the purpose of promulgating the decree of pope Innocent III, which punished the king, Philip Au- gustus, with excommunication on account of his renun- ciation of Inneburgis, his lawful consort, and his subse- quent marriage with Agnes of Meran. See Mansi, Con- cil. xi, 11.
XI. Held A.D. 1289; is barely mentioned in the rec- ords, and some authorities deny that it was held.
XII. Held .\.D. 1311; known as the fifteenth oecumen- ical council, and the only one of the series to which at- taches any considerable importance. It was originally ordered, by a papal bull of 1308, to meet Oct. 1. 1310, but was subse(iuenlly postponed for one year. The coinicil finally convened, inider the presidency of pope Clement V. on Oct. 16, 1311. The number of prelates present is fixed by some at 114, and by others at 300, including the patriarchs of the Latin Uite of Alexandria and An- tioch. It discijssed methods for preserving the purity of the faith, which was impaired by the heretical influ- ence of .lohn of Oliva, and of the Fratricelli, Dolcinists, Beghards, and IJcguins; aUo the aid to be afforded the Holy Land; the reform of ecclesiastical discipline; and especially the disposition to be made of the Order of Kniii-hts Templars. The decisions abrogated the Order of Templars; declared the legitimacy of the late pope Boniface VI H. and his freedom from the crimes charged against him; conceded tithes for six years to the kings of France, England, and Navarre, in order that they
might organize a crusade; and regulated the govern- ment of the begging friars and similar matters. Most of the decrees which have to do with matters of doc- trine and disci])line are contained in the so-called Cle- mentines (q. v.), and were first promulgated by pope John XXII. See also Landon, Mamutl of Councils, s. v.
XIH. Held A.D. 1557; determined several questions of (Jhurch discipline; discussed the use of sermons as a means of instructing the people; forbade the admission of strangers to the pulpits; demanded the rendition of heretics, and prohibited merry-makings on feast-days and association with susjiected persons; gave directions respecting the tonsure and garb of priests; denied to monks and nuns the privilege of leaving their convents, etc. See Martene, Thesaur. Novus Anecdot. (Lutet. Par. 1717), iv, 446 sq.
/Sources. — Harduin, .4e^a Concil. et Epistol. Decretales ac Constitut. Siimmoruni Ponfijicum (Paris, 1714); Man- si, 8acro7-uni Conciliorum Nova et A mplissima Collectio (Venet. 1776); Tract. Illustr. Jurisconsnltorvm (ibid. 1584), XIII, i, 159 sq., where is given Durandus, Tracfa- tus de Modo Celehrandi Gen. Concilii. — llerzog, Real- Encyldop. s. v.
Vieu, Joseph JI.vrie. an eminent French painter, and the regenerator of art in France, was born at ]\Iont- pellier, June 18, 1716. His enthusiasm for art led him to study, against the wishes of his parents, under sev- eral masters, among whom were Kivalz oi Toulouse, and C. Natoire at Paris, where he went in 1740. In 1743 he gained the prize of the Royal Academy by his picture of the riaf/ue of the Israelites in the Time of David. In 1744 he went to Rome, where he spent some years in studying the masters and designing from the antique, and painted numerous pictures, including many altar-pieces of great merit, such as the Slaughter of the Innocents, and two pictures now in the Louvre : a Sleeping Hermit, and jSV. Germain and St. Vincent Receiving the Crown of Glorij from the Hands of an Angel. He returned to Paris in 1750, and was chosen a member of the Academy in 1754. AVhile at Paris he painted numerous pictures, and labored with excellent success to restore in French art the study of the antique and of nature as represented in the Italian masters. He completed bis picture of St. Denis Preaching to the Gauls in 1775, when he was decorated with tiie Order of St. Michael, and appointed director of the French Academy at Rome, where he resided until 1781, and was also elected a member of the Academy of St. Luke. After returning to Paris he was chosen one of the rectors and director of the Royal Academy, and in 1789 principal painter to the king. At the time of the Revolution came a change in his relations to the government, but Napoleon made him a member of the Senate, a count of the erripire, and a commander of the Legion of Hon- or. He died in Paris, March 27, 1809, and was buried in the Pantheon. Vieu's subjects are taken chiefly from the Scriptures, ancient and modern history, and Greek mythology. Among the most celebrated works of this artist the following deserve mention here: St. .Jerome : — the Embarkation of St. Martha : — Christ Breaking Bivud: — the Resurrection of Lazarus : — the Virgin Attended by Angels: — and St. Gregory. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine A rts, s. v.