Vila, Lorenzo, a Spanish painter, son of Senen, was born at Murcia in 1G82. He was taught by his fa- ther, and executed some very acceptable works for the churches, after which 1^ became an ecclesiastic. He died in 1713. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine A i-fs, s. v. Vila, Senen, a Spanish painter, was born in the 17th century at Valencia. He studied with Esteban March, and resided mostly at Jlurcia, where he exe- cuted many works for the churches, convents, and pid)- lic edifices. His paintings are said to be more reinark- able for correctness of design and fine expression in the heads than for beauty of coloring. He died in 1708. See S|)ooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Arts, s. v.
Viladomat, Don Antonio, a Spanish painter, was born at Barcelona in 1678. He made rapid progress in the art; and, at the age of twenty-one, was emjiloyed to paint a series of pictures from the life of St. Bruno for the monastery of the Carthusians at Monte Allegri. He afterwards painted a similar series from the life of St. FVancis, for the monastery of the Franciscans, at Barcelona. He executed many other works for the churches and public edifices of Barcelona. He also painted landscapes, battle scenes, and portraits with equal success, and has been regarded by some as the foremost Spanish painter of his day. He died in 1755. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Arts. s. v.
Vilgard (or Bilgard), a grammarian and heretic of Ravenna, riourished in the first part of the 11th cen- tury. He was charged with being possessed with evil spirits in the form of Virgil, Horace, Juvenal, etc., and with teaching subversive doctrines; and was therefore condemned to death. See Neander, Hist, of the Church. iii, (502.
Vili, in the Scandinavian mythology, was one of the brothers of Odin, and a meiuber of the Triad.
Villacis, Don Nicolas i>e, a Spanish painter, was of noble birth, a native of jMurcia. He was first in- structed in design in his native city, and then sent to Jladriii, where he received instruction from Don Diego Velasquez. He afterwards studied in Italy ; and on his return to Murcia, executed some important works for the churches and convents, which have been highly commended. The principal ones are a series of pictures in the life of San Bias, in the convent of La Santisima Trinidad de Calzados: — and the Martyrdom of St. Lo- renzo, in the Church of the Dominicans. Being a wealthy nobleman, he painted only for amusement; his works are therefore rare. He died in 1G90. See Spoon- er, Bioq. Hist, of the Fine A its, s. v.
Village, a collection of houses less regular and im- portant than a town (q. v.) or city (q. v.). See Toro-
GHAI'HICAL TeIJMS.
I. Original Terms. — The word " village" stands in the A. V. as the rendering of many Heb. and Gr. words, sev- eral of which represent quite other ideas.
VILLAGE
783
VILLALPANDO
1. The proper Heb. term for villasie is "iB3, kapJiui- (from "123, to cove?-; Sept. Kwfii]\ Vulg. villa), which appears also in the forms "i'^S3, kephir (Neh. vi, 2, Kwfii], viculus), and ^33, kopher (1 Sam. vi, 18, kwi.ii], villa), and is represented by the Arabic kefr, still so much in use. In the Heb. the prefix caphar implied a ref;idar village, as Capernaum, which place, however, hail in later times outgrown the limits implied by its original designation (Lightfoot, infra ; Stanley, Sin. and Pal. p. 521-527 ; 1 Mace, vii, 31). See Caphak.
Another term, "i^n, c/ialser (from ~i'SU, to hedge in; Sept. ttravXic or kioj.ii); Vulg. villa, castellum, or oppi- dum), properly an eiiclnsure, is used of farm buildings enclosing a court; of the encampment of nomads (Gen. xxviii, IG; Deut. ii, 25, etc.); anil of hamlets near towns (Josh, xiii, 23, 28; xv. 32 sq.; 1 Chron. iv, 33; Neh. xi, 2, 5), especially the unwalled suburbs near walled towns (Lev. xxv, 31 ; comp. ver. 34). They were in reality " pastoral settlements," or little enclosures form- ed partly for shelter, and partly as a kind of defence from the wandering Arabs. The enclosures, sometimes, were nothing better than tents, but pitched in the form of an encampment, as in the case still of the Jehalin Arabs, who arrange their tents in a st>rt of circle for the sake of better security and mutual protection (Wilson, Laiuh of the Bible, u', 710; Robinson, Res. ii, 468). In some parts of Syria the term huush is applied to a few houses, which are constructed so as to join together, and thereby present a defence against the Arab robbers, the entrance into the haush being usually through a strong wooden gate, which is firmly secured every evening (Burckhardt, Si/ria, p. 212). Such, probably, of what- ever material formed, were the villages spoken of in connection with some of the ancient towns of the Is- raelites; those, especially, which bordered on pasture or desert lands. The places to which, in the Old Test., the term chatser is applied were mostly in the outskirts of the country (Stanley. Sin. and Pal. p. 526).
Different from these were the T^j-Tl mD3, daughters of the citij, which were small towns or villages lying near to a great cit\', dependent on it, and included un- der its jurisdiction. See Daughter.