The term nW, c/iaro//;, from mn, to breathe, to live, qn. place oflioing, though others prefer to derive it from the Arabic chawa, convolrit, in gyriim se flexit, whence chewaon, a tent, or a cluster of tents, an abode of nomads, also denotes a village. The term occurs only in the plural, and only in reference to certain villages or small towns bearing the name of Havoth-jair. These are mentioned in Numb, xxxii, 42, Deut. iii, 14; Josh, xiii, 30; Judg. X, 4; 1 Kings iv, 13. See Havoth-.jati{.
In the New Test, the term k-i.'y/?; is applied to Beth- phage (^latt. xxi,2), Bethany (Luke x,o8; .lohn xi, 1), Emmaus (Luke xxiv, 13), Bethlehem (John vii, 42). A distinction between city or town (TroXig) and village (itd'i/tfj) is pointed out in Luke viii, 1. On the other hand, Bethsaida is called TroXit; (ix, 10; John i. 45), and also Kiofii] (INIark viii, 23, 26), unless by the latter word we are to understand the suburbs of the town, which meaning seems to belong to "countrj-" (vi, 56). The relation of dependence on a chief town of a district ap- pears to be denoted by the phrase "villages of C:bs- area Piiilippi" (viii, 27). Bethsaida of Oaulonitis, to which Herod Philip II allowed the dignity of a citv (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 2, 1), is called ttoXiq; unless these two are one and the same place (Thomson, Land and Book).
2. Other terms are improperly thus rendered. Thus Hab. iii, 14, the plur. of T~lS, pnrdz (from T~iS, to sepa- rate, hence to judge, Vike icpivw), is rendered "villages." It should be " captains," or " eminent men," men sepa- rated by their rank or prowess from the mass (Sept. oii- vaarat; Yu\iX. princeps, prafectus). In Judg. v, 7, 11, the cognate "T^Q./^erflzon, properly rulers (Sept. ^i^ra-
Toi), is rendered "villages;" and Ezek. xxxviii, 11, niTQ. perazoth, means " open country." The cognate noun '^T'nQ,;je/-((s«, however, signifying a countryman, a rustic, with 133 prefixed, signifies a "country vil- lage" {(peptc.a'ioQ, oppidum).
The word UJ'lJ'O, migrdsh (from ^U"^?, to draw ovt ; TrepiaTropiov; subni-banuni), transl. "village" in Lev. xxv, 31, is more correctly rendered in ver. 34 "suburb."
II. Comparative Statements. — Ther6 is little in the Old Test, to enable us more precisely to define a village of Palestine, beyond the fact that it was destitute of walls or external defences. Persian villages are spoken of in similar terms (Ezek. xxxviii, 11; Esth. ix, 19). The rabbins make the distinction between a city ("l''3.') and a village (133) to lie in the former having, and the latter wanting, the number of learned men (ten) deemed requisite to entitle a place to a synagogue (lAghtfoot, fihorogra2}h. Matt. Preemiss. c. 98 ; and Hoi: Heb. in Matt, iv, 23). This is a distinction, however, so purely arbitrary and artificial that it is worthless for any practical purpose. Galilee, in our Lord's time, contain- ed many villages and village-towns; and Josephus says that in his time there were in Galilee two hundred and four towns and villages {noXuq Kui Kiofiai), some of which last had walls (Josephus, Life, § 45). At present the countrj' is almost depopulated (Kaumer, Paldst. p. 105 ; Stanley. Sin. and Pal. p. 384). Most modern Turk- ish and Persian villages have a menzil or rnedhafeh, a house for travellers (Burckhardt, Syria, p. 295 ; Kobin- son, ii, 19; Martyn, Life, p. 437). Arab villages, as found in Arabia, are often mere collections of stone huts — "long, low, rude hovels, roofed only with the stalks of palm-leaves," or covered for a time with tent-cloths, which are removed when the tribe change their quarters. Others are more solidly built, as are most of the modern villages of Palestine, though in some the dwellings are mere mud-huts (Robinson, Res. i, 167 ; ii, 13, 14, 44, 387 ; Ilasselqidst, Trav. p. 155 ; Stanley, Sin. and Pal. p. 233; App. § 83, p. 525). Arab villages of the Ilejaz and Ye- men often consist of huts with circular roofs of leaves or grass, resembling the description given by Sallust of the Numidian mapalia, viz. ships with the keel upper- most (Sallust, Jng. 18; Shaw, Trav. p. 220; Niebuhr, Descr. de VA rab. p. 54). — Kitto ; Smith ; Fairbairn.
VILLA(}E, in ancient ecclesiastical usage as distin- guished from a city, was a place having no magistrates of its own and no laws except such as form a part of the government and laws of the city on which it is de- pendent. Some villages, however, were set apart as dioceses and had bishops appointed over them. In the early Church, the chorejnscopi were appointed to super- iiitend the work in the villages. See Bingham, Christ. Aniiq. bk. ii, ch. xiv ; bk. ix, ch. ii.
Villalpando, Francisco de Tohkebranchodk,
a learned Spanish lawyer of (iranada, nephew of Juan Bautista. was born at Cordova in 1570, and died there about 1645. He wrote several works of religious char- acter, especially on dremonology, for which see Hoel'er, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Villalpando, Juan Bauti.sta, a learned Spanish commentator, was born at Cordova in 1552. At the age of twenty-eight years he entered the Order of the .Jesu- its. He was distinguished for his theological and math- ematical knowledge, and as a commentator. Dupin as- sures us that he was one of the most learned. He was skilled in architecture, and in his description of Solo- mon's Temple he exhausted all his powers <if conjecture and fancy in making it after the plan of perfection as given by God himself. He died at Rome, May 23, 1608. He is the author of In Ezech. Hrplanationes et Appa- rattts Urbis ac Tenipli Hierosohjmitani Commentariis et Fmaginibus Illusiratus (Rome, 1596-1604, 3 vols. fol.). See Antonii Bihliothecn Hispanica ; Alegambe, Bibli- otheca Scrqytorum Societatis Jesu : Jocher, Allgemeines