Vortumnus, See Vkrtumnus.
Vos, Aric, an English Congregational missionary, was born Nov. 29, 1770. In 1805 he became the agent of the London ^Missionary Society. His first stations were Zak River and Uraaf Keinet. In 1811 he removed
vos
815
VOSSIUS
to Tulbagh, and became pastor of a church over which he labored for twenty-tive years. lie died June 14, 1867. Mr. Vos showed to the community in which he lived the power of a pure and godly life. See (Lend.) Cony. Year-bouk. 1808, p. 300.
Vos, Martin de, a Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp about 15"_'0. He first received instruction from his father, and tlien in the school of Francis Floris un- til he was twenty -three years old, when he went to Italy and spent seven years at Rome studying the works of the masters, especially of Kaphael. He next went to Venice, where he received instruction in color- ing from Tintoretto, who is said to have disclosed to him all the secrets relative to coloring which he had either derived from Titian or acquired by his own ex- perience, and to have explained to him the rules and principles on which he founded his own practice. While at Venice he acquired the art of coloring so thoroughly that he was employed by the Medici to paint several portraits, and also executed several historical works of great merit. After an absence of about eight years, he returned to Antwerp, and was received into the Acad- emy in 1559. He executed several works for the churches, wliich established his reputation as one of tlie ablest artists of his time. He also received com- missions for pictures to adorn the churches of other cities in the Netherlands, besides numerous portraits, in which branch he excelled. His princi[)al works at Ant- werp are, tht Murriaye of C una, the Incredulity of St. Th nnus, the Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes, the Temptation of St. Anthony, m the cathedral, and the Last Slipper, in the Church of St. James. He died at Antwerp in 1G04. See Spooner, Bioy. Hist, of the Fine A lis, s. V.
Vo.s, Simon de, a Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp in IGOo. He studied under Kubens, and be- came an eminent painter of history and portraits. He painted so mucli in the style of his instructor that some of his works in the churches of Antwerp have frequent- ly been mistaken for the works of Rubens. Among these are the Resurrection, in the cathedral : — the De- scent from the Cross, in the Church of St. Andrew : — and St. Xorhert Receiving the Sacrament, in the Abbey of St. Michael. He was very diligent, and occupied himself continually in studying everytliing that might promote his knowledge, and he was one of the few who took pains to make the deepest researches into the true principles of his art. The time of his death is not known, although it must have occurred some time after 1662. See Spooner, Bioy. Hist, of the Fine A i-ts, s. v,
Vos, "Willem van, a Dutch Anabaptist pastor at Amsterdam, who died there Jan. 8, 1823, at the age of eighty-four years, was noted for his skill in moral phi- losophy. He wrote several prize essays on kindred subjects, for which see the Bioy. Universelle, s. v.
Vosen, Christian Hermann, a Roman Catholic theologian of German}', was born in 1815 at Cologne. He received holy orders in 1839, and from 1844 acted as religious instructor of the Catholic College at Co- logne, where he died May 12, 1871. He is the author of, Rudimenta Linyum Hehr. (Freiburg, 1860, and often since): — Kurze Anleituny zum Erlernen der hehr. Sprache (ibid. 1853, and often) •.—Das Christenthuni n. die Einspriiche seiner Geyner (3d ed. ibid. 1870) : — Der Katholicismus und die Einspriiche seiner Geyner (2d ed. 1869). See Fiirst, Bibl.Jud. iii, 486 sq.; Literarischer llandweiser fur das kathol. Deutschlund, 1870, p. 353 sq.; 1871, p. 299. (B. P.)
Vossius, Gerard, theologian, papal prothonotary and provost of Tongern, a comprehensively learned man In the Greek and Latin languages, and a patristical scholar, was born about the middle of the IGth century, the place of his birth being wholly unknown. He pub- lished a Latin edition of Chrysostom's Orations ; an ora- tion by Theodoret on benevolence, in Greek and Latin, accompanied with various readings and notes ; the works
and life of Gregory Thaumaturgus ; the writings of Fi)hraem (1589j ; and the De Consideratione of St. Ber- nard, with commentary (1594). He also edited Gesta et Monum. Greyorii IX, with scholia (1586); and other less imijortant works, as Rhetoricce A rtis Methodus, and Comment, in Somnium Scipionis. Just before his death he undertook an edition of the works of St. Leo, which was not comijleted. He died March 25, 1609.
Vossius, Gerard Jan, a theologian who ac- quired reputation as a laborer in the fields of Church history, philosophy, philology, general history, and chronology, and also as a controversialist opposed to the Remonstrants, was the son of a Dutch preacher liv- ing near Heidelberg, and was born in 1577. His edu- cation was obtained at Dort and Leyden, under Goma- rus, Trelcatius, etc. He graduated in philosophy, and in 1598 became professor at Leyden, and subsequently rector of the theological college at Dort, where he re- mained until 1614. He then went to Leyden in a sim- ilar capacity. In the Arminian dispute Vossius took sides with the Gomarists, witliout being a rigid adhe- rent of their views, however. The action of the Synod of Dort had greatly intensified the bitter feeling exist- ing between the parties, and this fact became so un- pleasant to him that he resigned his position in the university. To retain his services, the chair of rhetoric and chronology was assigned to him, but on the condi- tion that he shouUl not write against the transactions of Dort. Soon afterwards he published his principal work, entitled Ilisioria de Coniroversiis, qiias Pelayius ejusque Reliquce Moverunt. Lib. VII (Ludg. Bat. 1618), in which he brought together and compared with each other the tenets held by Pelagians and Semi-Pelagians, and at the same time showed that Arminianism differed from Semi-Pelagianism, and that the strict theory of predestination was not known in the early Church. The Contra-Remonstrants thereupon assailed him with great violence. In the Synod of Tergouw (1620) they even excluded him from participation in the sacrament, though they revoked that decision in the following year. In 1624 the offer of the chair of profane history in the L^niversity of Cambridge was extended to Vos- sius, but declined, as was a second call to England in 1626. Charles I made him a canon of Canterbury, with privilege to live away from England. The desire to make terms with his opponents led Vossius in 1627 to publish his work De Historicis Latinis, in which he stated that he accepted Augustine's theory of predesti- nation, and that this theory was known to the ancient Church ; and in which he distinctly renounced Semi- Pelagianism. He had ceased, however, to enjoy his stay at Leyden, and in 1633 he accepted a call to the gymnasium of Amsterdam as professor of history. He died March 19, 1649. His works include a length}' list of dissertations on chronological, historical, philosophi- cal, and theological subjects. His complete works were published in 1701 at Amsterdam. See Jocher, Allye- meines Gelehrten-Lexikon, s. v., where a detailed list of the writings of Vossius is given. — Herzog, Real-Ency- klop. s. v.