Other verbs woriliy of nutice are: apprnpriare, a2ipre- tiare, tenebrescere, indulcare, implanare (plunus), manicare.
In this class may be reckoned also many —
(1.) New sulistantivcs derived from adjectives: possibi- litas, prceclaiititx, jml,' lu'ta.i, prcescientia, religiusitas, na- tivitas, siipcrriiciiitiis. munualia.
New verbs f'urnied in like manner: requietio, respectio, creatuia, subitatio, extoUentia.
(2.) New verbals : accensibilis, acceptahilis, docihilis, pro- ducHlin, passibilis, receptibilis, reprehensibilis, suadibilis. suhjectibilis, aireptitius ; and participial forms: pudorn- tns, annwitiatvs, tiWAyratus, sensatus, discijMnatus, maq- natiis, lingnatiis.
(3.) New adjectives: animcequus, temporaneus, nnigeni- tiiji, qucrtiliisns; and adverbs: terribiliter, unanimiter, .<<pi- ritvaliter, cognoscibiliter, fiduciaiiter.
The series of negative compounds is peculiarly worthy of notice: immeinnratio, increditio, inc.onsiiwmatio ; inho- norare; inauxiliatus, indeficiens, inconfusibilis, importa- bilis.
Among the characteristics of the late stage of a language must be reckoned the excessive frequency of compounds, especially those funned with the prepositions. Tliese are peculiarly abundant in ttie Latin version; but in many cases it is diUicuU to dett-rmiue whether they are not di- rect translations of tlie late Sept. foi'iiis, .■iiid not indepen- dent forms: e. g. mhh i-i lunrr, itiliiirfiiin' -iitin. (dliiicresce- rc, jicreplurre, p,-nii iiinlai-r, jiiojnirnair, siipi-rixaltitre, su- iK'niirtttescere, siijiiicroiiure, reuuilare, remeiniiratio, re- 2>riipitiari, siihinfirre. Of tliese many are the direct rep- resentatives of (ireek words: superadidta (1 Cor. vii, .86), siipcrsi'Dunare (Matt, xiii, '25), comparticipes, concaplivus, complaiitat^is, etc. (supersubstantialis, vi, 11); and others are formed to express distinct ideas: subcitiericius, sub- ncrvare, etc.
(2.) Grcecisms. — The "simplicity" of the Old version necessarily led to the introduction of very numerous Septnagintal or New-Test, forms, many of which have now passed into common use. In this res])cct it would be easy to point out the difference which exists between Jerome's own work and the original translation, or his revision of it.
Examples of Greek words are : zclarc, periznma, python, pi/thonis-ia. pi-osrliitiis, jimjilicti's -ti.^-iK -ti-mr -tan', pode- ris, pomj/iifii<\ tii<:-<tiiri:ni-i\ lUKilhiiiiiili-iirr. nqmiizare, agonia, arimmtizdn-. niiijihix -iriis. jirrihcliis, jii.stiriis. pro- batira. pmpiirin. piistopjiniin, ti'hiiiiinii, nirlmrin, acharis, roriiplicfit. brariuiii, ditlnilKs.iiis. doiiiii {lliriuiiis), tlii/niia- toriniii, tristciia. .\raiid,iluiii, sititn-ia, hlaxjilicnare, etc., be- sides the purely technical terms patriarclia, Parasceve, J'axcha, Pariicliiiis. Other words based on the Greek are: aporior, angaria, apostatare, apostulatus, acedior (uKi|5ia).
Some close renderings are interesting: antorfo (uiro xoii- ToiO, propitiatorivm {iXaa-Tiiptuv), inidipsam (tTri t6 aino), rationale (Ao76roi', Exod. xxviii, 15, etc.), sceno/actorin.'i (Acts xviii, 3), seminiverbius (xvii, IS), .^tibintrndnctvs (Gal. ii, 4), siiperccrtari (Jude 3), civilitas (Acts xxii, 28), iiitenta- tor nmlorum (James i, 13). To this head must also be re- ferred such constructions as zelare with accns. (CiAoi^i; ma) ; facere with inf. {-KoieXv . . . tevta^at); potesta.'i with inf. (^f owffi'a LKpitvai) ; the Use of tlie inf. to express an end (.\cls vii, 43, l^iroiijnme ■KpoaKmf'iv) or a result (Luke i, 25, tTre'idev cKpeXelv, re-tpcxit anferre) \ the introduction of qw«i for oTi in the sense of that (ver. 58, audiervnt . . . qvia), or for oTi recitativnm (Matt, vii, 23, Confitebor illis quia) ; the dat. with asscqui (Luke i, 3, irapaKoKov^eiv Vet. L.); the use of the gen. with the comparative (John i, .5(1. via- jora horuvi) ; and such Hebraisms as vir mortis (1 Kings ii, 26).
Generally it may be observed that the Yulg. Latin bears traces of a threefold influence derived from the original text; and the modifications of form which are capable of being carried back to this source occur yet more largely in modern languages, whether in this case they are to be referred to the plastic power of the Vulg. on the popular dialect, or, as is more likely, we must sup- pose that the Vulg. has preserved a distinct record of jiowers which were widely working in the times of the Empire on the common Latin. These are (1) an exten- sion of the use of prepositions for simple cases; e.g. in the renderings of sv (Col. iii, 17), facere in verbo, etc.; (2) an assimilation of pronouns to the meaning of the (ireek article; e. g. 1 John i, 2, ipsa vita; Luke xxiv, 9, illis undeciin, etc.; and (3) a constant employment of the definitive and epithetic genitive, where classical usage would have required an adjective ; e. g. Col. i, 13, filius airitatis sna> ; iii, 12, viscera miser icor dim.
The peculiarities which have been enumerated are found in greater or less frequency throughout the Vulg. It is natural that they should be most abundant and striking in the parts which have been preserved least changed from the Old Latin — the Apocrypha, the Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypse. Jerome, who, as he often says, had spent many j'ears in the schools of grammari- ans and rhetoricians, could not fail to soften down many of the asperities of the earlier version, either bj^ adopting variations already in partial u.se, or by correcting faulty expressions himself as he revised the text. An exam- ination of a few chapters in the Old and New versions of the gospels will show the character and extent of the changes which he ventured to introduce:
Luke 1, 60, oux', non, Vet. L., nequaqvam, Vulir. : ver. 6,5, 61' o\r; rij opetiri, in ovini mo7itana, Ver. L., super omnia montdna, Vulg. '; ii, 1, profiteretvr, pro.f'ssin, Vet. L.. descri- beretnr, deKcriyitio, Vnls. ; ver. 13. exercitn.s c.relestis, Vet. L., niilitice ccelestis, Vulg. ; ver. 34, quod contradicetur, Vet. L.,
VULGATE
838
VULGATE
cui contr. Vnlp;. ; ver. 49, m propria Patris viei, Vet. L., in his qiim patrix viei sunt, Viilg. Soii.e words he seems to have chantred constmitly , llioii'ih net universjilly : e. g. ohamiitio, obaudio (obedieiitia, obedio) ; vtenxurare (me- liri); dilectio Cciiiitas) ; sacramenhim (mysteiiinii), etc. Mniiy of ihe most remiiiknlile forms are coiilined to hooks which he did not revise: eiucidare, inaltnii- (jucundari) ; futii i(iabun<iii.i, illatnentattis, iiidiscipliiiatiis, insuspiciibi- lis; exKeiramentum (exleriiiininm), (landivwniuvi ; extol- lentia, honoiijieentia; horripilatio, inhonoratio.