WESTPHAL
967
WESTPHALIA, PEACE OF
"Westphal, Georg Christian Erhard, a Prot- estant theologian of Germany, was born in 1757 at, Quedlinburg-. He studied at Jena anil Halle. After completing his studies, he acted for some time as pri- vate tutor. In 1775 he was ajipointed teacher at the Quedlinburg g3'mnasium, and in 1779 was called as second pastor to Halberstadt. In 17X5 he went to Hal- le, was made member of consistory in 1805, and died Dec. 2, 1808. Besides a number of iSermo7is which he published, he translated the histories of Livy and Vale- rius jNIaximus into German. See During, Liie deutschen Kdiizdrcdiier, p. 566 sq. (B. P.)
Westphal, Joachim, a zealous and uncompro- mising Lutheran polemic and Flacianist, was born at Hamburg in 1510 or 1511. He was educated at Wit- tenberg under Luther and Melancthon, and elsewhere, and after various vicissitudes settled, in 1541. as pastor in his native city. When the disputes consequent on the Leipsic Interim broke out, he united with Flacius and liis party, and published his first work, against JMelaucthon and Wittenberg, under the title IJinf. T'i- iiili Aurei Aaronis Exod. xxxii, ad Nostra Tempora et Control: A ccommodata (Magdeb. 1549). A second work incident to the Adiaphoristic controversy, and discuss- ing the advisability of allowing the adiaphora as a less- er evil than rejecting them, issued from his pen in the following year, entitled Krp/icdtio GeneraUs Sententiie quod e dtiobus Mails Minus Kliycndum sit, ex qua Qiii- ris Eruditus Intelligere Potest quod, in Controv. de A di- apk. Sequendum aut Fugiendum sit. In the Osiandrian disputes he was associated with Johann Aepin in the judgment returned by Hamburg, etc., theologians to duke Albert of Prussia on Osiander's doctrine of justi- fication (Magdeb. 1553). It is also probable that in the Majoristic controversy he composed the harsh opinion of the Hamburg theologians respecting Major's doctrine of the necessitj' of good works to salvation. His prin- cipal field of battle, however, was the sacramental dis- jHite, in which he defended extreme Lutheran ortho- doxy against Swiss and Philippist latitudinarianism. Peter Martyr had denied the bodily presence of Christ in the elements of the Lord's snp]ier, at Oxford, 1549, and Calvin and Farel avowed similar views in the Con- sensus Tiffiireiisis of that year, issued by them in con- junction with the clergy of Zurich. An extract from Martyr's lectures was soon afterwards published (Tiguri, 1552) by J. Wolphius, in which the editor claimed that Luther's doctrine of the Lord's supper had been thor- oughly destroyed. Westphal at once issued in reply, and also as an attack upon the Philippists, who agreed more nearly with the Swiss than the Lutheran view, a Farrago . . . Opinionum de Carta Domini, etc. (Magdeb. 1552). In 1553 he repeated the effort by publishing Recta Fides de Coma Domini ex Verbis Apostoli Pauli et Evangel, (ibid.). At this juncture Mary of England had expelled the congregation of French and Nether- landish exiles formed by John ii Lasco in London, and they were seeking a refuge in North (iermany. which was everywhere denied them. Westphal held a disputa- tion with Micronius, one of their preachers, and was ex- ceedingly zealous in opposing them. In 1554 he pub- lished a third book against the Reformed doctrines of the sacrament under the title Collectanea Sentent. D. A urel. A ugiistin. de C«na Domini, etc., in which he trieil to show that the Swiss view has no support in the ut- terances of Augustine. This work, reinforced by in- dignation growing out of the author's treatment of a Lasco and his lieformed adherents, drew out a reply from Calvin, under date of Nov. 28, 1554 {Defensio Sa- ner, et Orthoddxw Doctr. de Sacrament, etc.), which was written in a style of proud and haughty depreciation of the adversary it was designed to demolish. A rapid interchange of writings followed, in the course of wliich Lasco, Bullinger, and Beza became involved in the dispute. As a final effort to defeat his opponents, West|)hal wrote to various churches in Lower Saxony to unite them in a league against the Switzers, and re-
ceived from many of them statements of their belief, which he published under the title Confessio Fidei di Eucharistim Sacramento, etc. (jNIagdeb. 1557), The leaders of the strict Lutheran party, e. g. Brentius, An- drea, Schnepf, Paul von Eitzen, etc., also came to his support. After 1560 Westphal withdrew from the are- na of religious controversy. He acted as superintend- ent of Hamburg from 1562 to 1571, and in the latter 3'ear was appointed to that office. He died Jan. 16, 1574. See the Corpus Reformatorum, (ibid. 1840-42), cd. Bretschneider, vol. vii, viii, ix ; Gieseler, Kirchengesch. (Bonn, 1853), iii, 2, 1 ; Moller, Flenshurg. Cimhria. Lite- rata (Hauau, 1744), p. 641-649; Herzog, Real-Enci/klop. s.v.
"Westphalia, Pp:ace of (also known as the Peace of Mii/isler). Tiiis title designates the treaty which brought the Thirty Years' War (q. v.) to a conclusion in 1648, and which was drawn up in the Westphalian cities of jMiinster and Osnaburg. The Peace of Prague, May 20 (30), 1635, concluded between the emperor Fer- dinand II and the elector John George of Saxony, was designed to extend amnesty to Protestants over the whole empire, excepting Bohemia, the Palatinate, and various individual princes and nobles (see the imperial patent of June 12, 1635) ; but these exceptions, and the successes of the Swedish armies, together with the di- rect intervention of France in the war, prevented the consummation of the proposed peace, and constrained the emperor to convoke a general diet to meet at l{atis- bon in 1840. A more important congress of deputies from the different contending powers was assembled, however, at about the same time in Hamburg, whose deliberations resulted in the signing of preliminaries of peace, Dec. 15 (25), 1641. The settling of these pre- liminaries was rendered difficult by the conflicting views of the French and Swedes, and the suspicions they en- tertained respecting each other; and the preliminaries themselves merely designated the 'places and dates for the holding of a definite peace convention, and deter- mined rules to be observed with respect to the safe-con- duct and powers of dejiuties. The sanction of the rep- resentatives of the empire and of the emperor himself to these arrangements was not obtained until 1644, and the proposed congress was delayed until April, 1645. The representatives of the emjjeror, the states of the empire, and the Swedes met at Osnaburg, and those of the emperor, the French, and other foreign powers at Mlinster. Each convention was to become a party to whatever decisions might be reached in either place, and neither convention was authorized to conclude a separate peace. The negotiations, which were protract- ed during more than three years, were greatly influenced, of course, by the varying fortunes of the war, which was incessantly prosecuted ; but the Osnaburg convention succeeded in settling terms of peace, Aug. 8, and the Minister convention reached a like conclusion, Sept. 17, 1648. The treaty was then adopted and signed in a general assembly of both conventions, Oct. 14 (24), 1648. Spain and the United Netherlands had previously (Jan. 20 [30], 1648) reached an agreement at Mlinster by which the independence of the latter country was rec- ognised and its league with Germany dissolved. The independence of the Swiss Confederation, already pro- nounced by the Peace of Basle, Sept. 22, 1499, was con- firmed by the Treaty of Westphalia.