IV. TAtei-nture. — This is quite copious. We mention, in addition to the works noticed above, only the most important and modern. General treatises on the manu- facture, etc., of wines have been written by Henderson (Lond. 1831), Kedding (ibid. 1851), L^enman" (ibid. 1864), Thudichum (ibid. 1872), and others, but they are chiefly of a commercial character. The moral aspects of the subject have been considered in numberless books and periodical articles; among the latter we may especially refer to those in the Biblical Repositori/, Oct. 1836, and
WINEBRENNER
1017
WINER
Oct. 1839 ; and the Bihliotheca Sacra, Jan. 1869 ; Jan., 1 April, and June, 1880. Dr. F. R. Lees in various works, has stn>ngly asserted that the wines of antiquity were hirgely non-alcoholic, and this view has incautioush' been adopted by several later writers, as Ritchie, Nott, Stuart, Burns, etc., and by many temperance advocates; but it has been powerfully combated by others, espe- cially Tattam, Crosby, and scholars generally. The latest and most complete treatise on this question is tliat of Wilson, The. Wines of the Bible (Lond. 1877), which, after minutely examining all the classical and scriptural references, arrives at the conclusion that "so far as the wines of the ancients are concerned, unfer- metited wine is a mi/th." Tiie effort of Samson, The Divine Law as to Wine (N. Y. 1880), to meet this tes- timony by garbling the ancient statements and con- tradicting the modern is feeble and unworthy. Tris- tram observes, "All the terms for wine [in the Bible] are used in collocations which clearly show that fer- mentation is implied; nor is there tiie slightest ground in criticism for the pretence that the unfermented juice of the grape was ordinarily used" {Nat. Hist, of the -C«- 6/p, p. 411). An article by Rev. H. Bumstead, in the Biblintheca Sacra for January, 1881, fairly meets the scientific, philological, and moral aspects of the "wine question" as presented by Rev. A. B. Kich, D.D., in the January, April, and July numbers of the same journal. It shows, at least, that alcohol when taken in moder- ate quantity and in its natural combinations, is not properly a poison, but is assimilated and healthily' dis- posed of in digestion ; that tirush denotes the produce of the vine in general, while ydijin always signities the fermented juice of the grape ; and that to no one of the words translated " wine " does the Bible attach an indis- criminate and absolute condemnation. See Temper- ance.
■Winebrenner, Christian, a German Reformed minister, was born Feb. 7, 1789. He entered the minis- try in 1838 or 1839, taking charge of several congrega- tions in Bedford and Huntingdon counties. Pa., where he labored until 1816. After this time he was not connected with the Synod, but still continued to preach until the time of his death, at Woodbury, Pa., Feb. 12, 1858. See Harbaugh, Fathers of the Germ. Ref. Church, iv,491.
Winebrenner, John, an American clergyman, was born in Frederick County, Md., March 25, 1797. He began his ministry in the German Reformed Church, having charge of four congregations in and near Harrisburg, Pa., but, owing to a difference of opin- ion in regard to revivals, he withdrew from his former affiliations, and established a new denomination which he called "The Church of God," but which is commonly known as the Winebrennarians. See Church of God. Mr. Winebrenner was for several years editor of The Church Advocate. His death occurred Sept. 12, 1860. He puulished, in Ci-Unection with I. B. Rupp, The History oj all the Religious Denominations in the United States ('844). He also published, Brief View of the Church of God: — a work on Regeneration: — The Reference and rronoiincing Testament : — Revived Hymn-booh : — Prac- tical and Doctrinal Sermons : — and other works.
Winer, Georg Benedict, a German theologian and author, whose work is of permanent value to the Church no less for what it accom]ilished directly than for the indirect results obtained through its influence over the improvement of Biblical science. He was born at Leipsic, April 13, 1789, of parents in the common walks of life, was early orphaned, and, bj' the decease of an aimt who was the last of his relatives to assume the charge of his childhood years, exposed to such pen- ury as deprived him of sufficient and proper food, and obliged him to do without books necessary to his course in the St. Nicolai School of his native town. He ob- tained a Greek grammar by writing it out, and thus began the philological labors in which he was in time
to become a master and win an imperishable reputation. He distinguisheil himself in the scientific contests of the students, and acquired such proficiency in the Hebrew language as enabled him to become the instructor of persons older than himself. His teachers embodied words prophetic of his coming importance as a scholar in his certificate of graduation.
In 1817 Winer began the academical career which extended over forty years of industrious and useful la- bor. Nine of these years — 1823-32— were given to the University of Erlangen, where he was professor of the- ology, and all the remaining years to Leipsic. He lect- ured on theological methodology, and, besides, on sub- jects drawn from every section of exegetical, systematic, and even practical theology. In historical theology he confined his lectures to the history of theological sci- ences. The general world knows him only through his writings, and acknowledges his influence as a compre- hensively and profoundly learned man and a thoroughly scientific character; but the students who thronged his lecture-room to the very end of his public life bear tes- timony to the power of his clear oral statements and to his decided sympathy for all that is pure and good, as also to his serious and pronounced religious character. He was accustomed to precede or follow his lectures with addresses in which he surveyed, often with truly prophetic vision, the movement of events in the world or the Church ; and on those occasions he often rose to the regions of true impassioned eloquence, and wrought impressions which his hearers were not likely tfi forget. It remains to be added that his tendency was thoroughly orthodox, and that all his impulses grew out of his per- fect devotion to moral goodness. He was, however, too earnest a lover of truth to engage in the building of original systems which can only be founded in air. since their authors will not recognize the soundness of any truth that is old and approved, and also too devoted to the service of truth to endorse and repeat the old simply because it is old.