Of the written products of his life a small number be- long to the department of symbolics — namely, the Cmn- jKirative Darstellunr/ des Lehrbef/riffs der rerschiedenen christlichen Kirchenparteien (1824, 2 ed. 1837), a thor- oughly scientific work: — his edition of the Augsburg Confession, with notes (1825) :— and two addresses on the idea of the Church as contained in the creeds (1852-53). In bibliography his Handbuch der theologischen Litera- tur (1821, 3d ed. 1838-40, 2 vols. ; and supplement, 1842) is a monument of genuine German industry, and is valua- ble for its brief biographies of authors. The central ob- ject, however, about which all of Winer's literary ac- tivity turned was the Bible. Not only had most of his works reference to the Bible, but his most original, mer- itorious, and permanently useful work for theology was done in the field of Biblical science. He barely touched upon Biblical theology indeed, and gave but passing at- tention to either the lower or the higher criticism; but in isagogical science he contributed valuable papers to the elucidation of questions respecting versions of the Old Test., e. g. the character of the Samaritan Penta- teuch, the value of the Chaldee paraphrases, especially of Onkelos and Pseudo-Jonathan. The interpretation of Scripture engaged his attention more than any other study. He expounded all the books of the New Test, before his classes. But of the results of his labors he gave the world no considerable quantity — a single book, the Epistle to the Galalians (1821, 3 ed. 1829), and sec- tions from other epistles constituting the whole. As the fruit of a whole life given to the study of exege- sis this is exceedingly little. But in the discussion of matters of fact from Scripture history he was, on the other hand, very busy with his pen. He wrote disserta- tions on the taking of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar (1848); on the question whether the dfnrvov of Jesus and his disciples (John xiii) were a Passover supper or not (1847) ; on whether the feet of crucified persons were nailed to the cross or not (1845), etc. His Biblisches
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^eaheorterhnch. finally, is a comprehensive and thorough (iictionary, in alpliabetical enter, of material objects, events, etc., belonging to Biblical science — a positive mine of historical, geographical, archaeological, and physical information.
Of still greater value for theological science were his contributions to the study of the languages of the Bible — whether lexical or grammatical, lie cultivated the Old-Test. Chaldee with special fondness. In 1824 he piiblislied Grammatik des hiblischen uiid targumiscken Chahldixmiis (2d ed. 1842), and in 1825 a Chtildee Read- er. In 182G he issued a Speciiiieii Lca-ici Hebraici, and in 1828 a complete Lexicon of the Hebrew and Chal- dee Ldiif/uttfjes, based on a revision of the Handwurter- b/ich by Simon and Eichhorn. The most important of all liis works is, however, unquestionably the Gram- ma/ik de:s neutestamentlichen Sprachidmm, etc. (1822, and often). It was rendered into English bj' American scholars in 1825, and has since apjieared in repeated editions, wliich conform to the changes introduced in the original from time to time; and it was translated into Swedish in 1827. The merit of this work consists in its demonstrating that the structure of the Greek language is preserved in the forms and idioms of the New-Test, language, and that vague assumptions of the Hebraizing character of New-Test. Greek, and unre- strained wilfulness in its interpretation, are out of place. The work had its inception in a spirit of reverence for the Bible and in earnest love of truth, and it has achieved gratifying results in the more systematic methods of interpretation, the profounder and yet more elevated motles of exposition, \vhich it helped to intro- duce. A year after the appearance of the Grammatik, ^^'ille^ published a Beitrar/ zur Verbesserung der neu- testamentlichen Lexikographie, and he had made extend- ed preparations for a New-Test, lexicon ; but he was not permitted to enter on the writing of this work. His sight failed during the last five years of his life. His last course of lectures, on the doctrinal and ethical princi- ples of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, was deliv- ered in the winter term, 1857-58 ; and after a violent ill- ness of six days' duration, he died. May 12, 1858, and was buried two days afterwards, amid the lamentations of the iniiversity and the entire town. — Herzog, Real-En- cyklnp, s. v.
Wines, Enoch Cobb, D.D., a Presbyterian min- ister, was born at Hanover, N. J., Feb. 17, 1806. He graduated at lliddlebury College in 1827, after which he entered the navy as chaplain and teacher of mid- shipmen in the United States ship "Constellation," vis- iting many foreign countries, and writing an interesting work entitled Two Years and « Half in the Navy ; or, A Jonrnal of a Cruise in the Mediterranean and Levant (Phila. 1829-31). He afterwards became pastor of the Church at Burlington, N. .J., and also of East Hampton, L. I., which he resigned to become principal of the Edgehill Seminary, Princeton, N. J. He was subse- quently professor of mental and moral philosophy in the Central High-school of Philadelphia, and in 1854 professor of ancient languages in Washington College, Pa., and in 1859 in the University of St. Louis. In 18(52 he entered upon the work which made him emi- nent as a philanthropist and specialist in prison reform. He became secretary of the New York Prison Reform Association, and afterwards of the National Association. He was instrumental in the appointment of congresses for prison reform in Europe (visiting that country re- peatedly from 1871 to 1875) and America, which ac- complished much good in rousing the attention of the civilized world to this benevolent object. He died at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 10, 1879. Dr. Wines made im- portant contributions to religious literature, and the last work on which he was engaged was in seeing through the Riverside Press at Cambridge, Alass., his book en- titled The State of Prisons and of Child-saving Institu- tions throughout the World. He had prepared another book which was ready for the press, under the title of