But the Protestant faith gained the victory not in Zurich alone, nor was Zwingli the only Swiss reformer. CEcolampadius did a good work at Basel. In Berne, also, the Reformation was successful. The Reformation being not only a religious movement, but in some re- spects a political one, it attracted to its support many persons who were contending for the spread of more liberal opinions throughout Switzerland. Zwingli was a patriot, and those who were immediately associated with him were patriots, and he believed that there could be no influence so potent to reach and transform the characters of his coinitrymen as the Gospel. There was substantial agreement between Luther and Zwingli on all the cardinal doctrines of the Protestant faith. On the doctrine of the eucharist there was, however, a rad-
ical difference of opinion. Luther held to "consubstan- tiation," declaring that there were present, in some mys- terious way, the body and the blood of tlie Lord Jesus in the elements administered at the Lord's supper; while Zwingli contended that the sacrament was de- signed to be merely a reminder of the suffirings and death of the Saviour. The controversy was a bitter one. Neither party could convince the otlur. All that could be done was to lay down fourteen articles of faith which were to be received by both parties on the basis of the Augsburg Confession. But these minor contro- versies, for such they seem to us to be, must have lost all their interest in the presence of the grave dangers which threatened the very existence itself of the Refor- mation in Switzerland. Zwingli led the Reform move- ment in the other (ierman cantons of Switzerland, and attended the conference at Berne in 1528, which result- ed in the abolition of the mass. He was invited to a personal conference with Luther and Melaiicthon at Marburg, September, 1529, to adjust the onl_v serious doctrinal difference between them on the eucharistic Presence. He counselled energetic measures for the promotion of the Reform in his native land, but was defeated by the policy of hesitation which prevailed in Berne. He also entered into bold political combina- tions with Philip of Hesse for the triumidi of the Prot- estant cause in Germany, and addressed the emperor of Germanv and the king of France with a confession of his faith. Zwingli was a bold Reformer, an able schol- ar, an eloquent preacher, a patriotic republican, and far- sighted statesman. He lacked the genius and depth of Luther and Calvin, the learning of ISIelancthon and Qilcolampadius ; but he was their equal in honesty of purpose, integrity of character, heroic courage, and de- votion to the cause of Reformation, and sur|iassed them in Iiberalitj\ His prominent intellectual trait was clear, strong common-sense.
Zwingli's principal works are a Commentary on the True and False Jidhjion (1625) : — a sermon On Providence (preached at Marburg, 1529) : — his Confession of Faith, addressed to Charles V of Germany (1630) : — a similar Exposition of Faith, addressed to Francis I of France (July, 1531, three months before his death). This last document is clear, bold, spirited, and full of hope for the triumph of the truth ; warns the king against the slan- derous misrepresentations of Protestant doctrines, and entreats him to give free course to the Gospel, and to forgive the boldness with which he dared to approach his majest}-. A few years afterwards (1536) Calvin dedicated, in a most eloquent preface, his famous Chris- tian Institutes to the same monarch, but with equal want of direct success. Zwingli represents onlv the first stage in the history of the Reformed Cliurch. His work was completed after his death bv his successor, Bullinger, at Zurich, and still more by Calvin at Gene- va. See //. Zwinrjlii Opera, edit. Schuler and Schult- hess (Zurich, 1828-42, 8 vols.) ; a popular edition of his Works by Christoffel (ibid. 1843 sq. 15 vols.); Bioffrapkies of Zwimjli, bj' Myconius (1536), Niischel- er (1776), Hess (1811; transl. by Aikin, Loud. 1812), Schuler (1819), Hottinger (1843; transl. by Thomas C. Porter, Harrisburg, 1856), Robins (in BiUivtheca Sacra for 1851), Roder (1856), Christoffel (1857; transl. by John Cochran, Edinburgh, 1858), Giider (in Herzog's Real-EncyUop. 1864), and especially Miirikofer {Vhich Zwiyiffli nach den Quellen [Leipsic, 1867-69, 2 vols.]). On the theological system of Zwingli, see Zeller, Das theol. System Zu-iiiijWs ( 1 583) ; Siegwart, Ulrich Zwinyli: der Charakter seiner Theoloyie (1855) ; Spiirri, Zicinyli- Studien (1866). Compare also D'Aubigne, History of the Reformation, vol. iv; Hagenbach, Geschichte der Re- formation (1870), p. 183 sq. ; and Fisher, The Refomna- tion (1873), p. 137 sq.
LIST OF AllTICLES IN VOL. X.
Snada Page
Suadela
Suah
Snares
Suarez
Suaj'ainbhu
Suba
Subai
Siibarrhatiou
Subcauou
Subchaucellor
SubchaiUer. .'.
Siibrteacou
Subdean
Subdiacouissa
Subigus
Subintroductas
Subjectivism
Sublapsariaus
Subleyras
Submission, Act of.
Submission to God.
Subprebeudary
Subpi-ecentor
Subpiior
Subramanya Maha- sena
Subrunciuator
Snbsaci'ist
Subscription
Subsellium
Substance (in phi- losophy)
Substance (in the- ology)
Snbstautialists
Substrati
Snbtreasurer
Subuciila
Suburbicarian
Suburbs (Biblical)..
Suburbs (ecclesiasti- cal)
Succat
Succensnm
Succentor
Succession ,
Succiuctorium
Succinere
Succoth, 1
Succ()th,2
Succoth-Benoth
Suchathite
Suckow
Sud,l
Sud,2
Sndaili
Sudarium
Siiddath
Sudhoff
Sudias
Sudices
Sudra
Sudri
Suehre
Siienimer Oala
Sueues
Sueur
Suffeiing-psalm
Suft'etum
Suffragan
Suffrage
Sulis
Sutism
Suger
Suggestuni
Suggestum Lee to- rum
Sugiu
Suicer
Suicide...
Sukliiira
Siileviaa
Sullivan, Dan'lN.V.
Sullivan, Lott B....
Sullivan, Samuel B.
1 Sully, Maurice de l| Page
1 Sully, Odon . .