Philaret, Theodori s Romanoff, third patriarch of Russia, a near relative by his mother of the last czar of the blood of Rurik, was born in the 16th century. This relationship caused him, in 1599, to be made a monk by Boris Godounof. Elevated in 1605 to the episcopal chair of Rostof by Dmitri, he was in 1610 sent on an embassy to Poland, where he was retained, agaiusl the law of nations, a prisoner for nine years. ( )n his re- turn to .Moscow, in 1619, he found his son czar, who ap- pointed him, June 24, of this year, patriarch, and shared with him his sovereignty, so that all the ukases were given in their name, and in all solemnities each had a throne, one as high as the other, This interference of the patriarch in political affairs was fatal to Russia. Michael Romanoff had been called to the throne on the
express conditi f reigning with the concurrence of
the chamber of the boyards and of the states-general, which, from 1613 to L619, had come to be regarded as a legislative assembly. Philarel exiled the most dis- tinguished boyards, and reduced the states-general to a merely consultative relation. Into spiritual affairs he carried the same retrograde spirit. Without caring lor the advice of Oriental patriarchs, he ordained, in 1620, that every member of a Christian confession who should embrace the Russian religion must be baptized again, a regulation which is still in force. He died at Mo-cow Oct. I. 1633. His pastoral epistles have keen collected in the Incienm Bibliotheqm Russe, vol. xvi. SeeCAro- ni,jti, ,/, Nikon; Hist. ofth Patriarch Philareh (in Rus- sian) (Moscow, 1802, 8vo); Satiehtchefel Solovief, His- tory of Russia; Eugene, Diet. Hist. s.v.; Philarete, archb.'of Kharkof. Hist. ,/, VEglist Rum ; Dolgoroukow, La Virile sur In Russie, ch. \ i. Hoefer, Nouv. biog. . x sxix, 838.
Philaster (Phii vsi rii s), a noted hseresiologist of the ancient Latin church, flourished in the tirst quar- ter of the hh century. He was probably a native of
[taly, and cam< the stage of theological activity
when tli'- Aiiau controversy was waxing hoi. and he was soon interested in it a- a most ardent orthodox
presbyter seeking the convers'u f strayed sheep of
the Hock, lie travelled far ami mar. seeking every- where the conversion of the Arians, both high and low. Thus, I . g., he went to Milan to convince bishop \ii\en- tius of the error of his ways. lie was so well liked by
tin- clergj thai he was finally elected bishop of Brescia (Brixia), ami a- such took pari in tic Council of Aqui- leia in 361. He died July 18, •">*7. Philaster' s great- est work i- In- / Hi, r ■/, haresibus (in 156 chapters) (ed- ited bj Fabricius, Hamb. 1728; by Galland. Bibliothe- ,,/. vii, Eo 521 : and by Odder m vol i of his Corpus /in,,. log. p. 5 185). I Inre i- an affinity of Philas- ter with Kpiphanius, but it is iisualW accounted for on i he ground of the dependence of ike former on the lat-
ter. This seems to have been the opinion of Augustine (Epistola 222 ml Quodvultdeum). Bui Lipsius derives both from a common older source, viz, the work of llip- polytus against thirty-two heresies, and explains the silence of Epiphanius (who mentions Hippolytus only once i by the unscrupulousness of the authorship of the age, which had no hesitation in decking itself with bor- rowed plumes. Philaster was very liberal with the name of heresy, extending it to 156 systems. 28 before Christ, and 128 after. He includes peculiar opinions on all sorts of subjects: "Hseresis de si. Hi- coelo af- tixis. haeresis de peccato Cain, hseresis de Psalterii in- equalitate, hseresis de animalibus quatuor in prophetis, hseresis de Septuaginta interpretibus, hseresis de Mel- chisedech sacerdote. hseresis de uxoribus el concubinis Salomonis!" Philaster's writings first appeared in print at Basle in 1528, edited by Sichardus; they were rc- printed in 1539 at Basle, and at ..tier places, in K',77 iley were inserted in the Bibliotheca Pati-um Maxima, v. 7oi sq. Bui the best edition is by Fabricius 1 Hamb. 1721), with a Vita PhUastri. Sic Schrbckh, Kirchen- gesch. ix,363 0*2: Schaff, Ch. Hist, iii, 931 sq.; Alzog, Patrohgie, § 63. (J.H.W.)
Fhileas of Tiumitk. an Eastern prelate, flour-
i-hed in the 3d century as bishop of Thumitse, in Egypfc He was of noble family, and in his native place Idled the highest offices, and was distinguished for liis piety and
learning. On a unit of his faith, lie was persecuted
at Alexandria, and died as a martyr about 307 or 311. He left a work in praise of martyrdom. See Fabricius, Ribl. Grasca, vii. 306; Mohler, " Patrohgie, 1. 678 sq.; Routh, A'./. Sac. iii. 381 sq.
Philc'mon (QiXtiuuv, affectionate), a Christian to w bom Paul addressed his epistle in behalf of ( mesimus.
A.D. ."'7. He was a native probably of Colossse, or at all events lived in that city when the apostle wrote to him : first, because Onesimus was a Colossian (Col. iv, 9); and. secondly, because Archippus was a Colossian (ver. 17), whom Paul associates with Philemon at the beginning of his letter < Philem. 1. 2 1. Wieseler (Chro- nologie, p. 152) argues, indeed, from Col. iv. 17. that Ar- chippus was a Laodicean; bul the tlirart in that pas- sage on which the point turns refers evidently to the Colossians (of whom Archippus was cue then 1 not to the ( 'liurch at Laodicea spoken of in the previous