England, Dr. Lingard (q. v. 1. and subsequently by the publication ol some pamphlets, vindicating the estab- lished clergy in the North from the attacks of lords Grey and Durham. For these services he was reward- ed with the rich living of Stanhope. In 1825 he again entered the lists ol controversy as the opponent of Mr. Charles Butler's Book of tk Catholic Church. In 1827 he published bis celebrated Letter on Catholic Emanci- pation addressed to Mr. Canning, s 1 alter which he
was promoted 1 in 1828) tothedeant ry of Chester, which he exchanged in < tctober, 1830, for the bishopric of Ex- eter. As a member of the House of Lords, bishop l'hill- potts proved the zealous champion of Tory principles, and consequently opposed the Reform Bill, the Irish
Church Temporalities Bill, the Poor-law Hill, the l>-
clesiastical Commission, the National Education Hill.
and <very measure of a liberal tendency. Dr. Phillpotta was tor many years in that assembly the recognised episcopal head and representative of the extrerm Hi| - Church party, and by his writings and speeches warmly
advocated the revival of Convocation, ami of other in- novation- on the established Bystem of ecclesiastical af- fairs. In 1849 he rejected .Mr. Gorham, who was nom- inated by the crown to a living in Devonshire, on the -round that he held erroiieoii - opinion- as to the ett'ects of infant baptism; ami though he was supported by the ecclesiastical courts, their judgment was sit aside on*
appeal by a decisi if the judicial committee of the
privy council in 1850. < >u this Dr. Phillpotts published a /.«//(/• in which he formally excommunicated the archbishop of Canterbury, who had been a party to the
decision (see J-.'ili.ih. />'< r. Xcv. 59 65). Set GORHAM
Cask. In the following year he held a synod of his clergy at Exeter, which was pronounced illegal by the officers of the crown, and has never -ince been sum- moned. He died ill 1869. The list of Dr. 1'liillpot t -\s
controversial pamphlets occupies no less than twelve pages in the new catalogue of the British Museum. His best-known publications are given in Allibone, Dict.pf Hr'ii. inn] . I mi i . . \ uthors, s. v. See English * 'yclop. s. v. ; Mm of ih< Tin i,. s. v.; Blackwood's Mag. xxiv, 1; xxix. 157; Dublin University Mag. xx, 223; Eraser's Ma;/, ii. 687 ; Lond. A then. 1861, i, 151.
Philo (surnamed in Latin Jip.f.is, i. e. the Jew; in Hebrew, """""- Y~'Z : in Creek, <Pi\wv [o] 'iou- Caloc), the greatest of ancient Jewish philosophers, flourished in the 1st century of the Christian sera. We give a somewhat lengthy exposition of his philosophic and religious opinions.
l.i/<. Philo was a native and throughout life a resi- dent of Alexandria. The precise time of his birth is unknown, hut he represents himself as of advanced age ahout A.D. in. when he was sent as chief of an embassy from the Jews of Alexandria to the emperor Caligula, for the purpose of pleading their cause against Apion, who charged them with refusing to pay due honors to
Caesar (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 8, 1: comp. De Legat. ml I 'ilium, xxviii). lie was probably ahout sixty years old; if so, he was born ahout V,A\ 20, ami was contem- porary with all the important events of the New Testa- ment. He went again to Rome in the reign of Claudius, hut after this nothing is known with certainty of his whereabouts. Philo had a brother employed in the affairs of government at Alexandria, named Alexander Lysimachus, who is supposed to lie the Alexander men- tioned in Ads i\. G as a man "of the kindred of the higb- priest." That Philo was a member of the sacerdotal family is asserted by Joseph US ( . I nt. xviii. X. 1 ). and also
by Eusebius, Jerome, and others, and his own writings indirectly testify that such was the fact. There i- also reason to believe that he belonged to the sect of the Pharisees. Philo was eminent for his learning ami elo- quence. To the attainments usually secured by Jews of his social condition I Eusebius, Prtep. Evang. viii, 13) he added an extensive knowledge of the Greek philoso- phy, especially the I 'la tonic for the acquisition of which the most favorable opportunities would occur in Alex- andria, at that time the very metropolis of the learned World and the home of revived Hellenism. He ha- heen
represented by Scaliger and Cudworth a- ignorant of
Jewish literature ami customs, but Fabricius and Man- gey have clearly shown that such a view is entirely groundless. The supposition of his ignorance of He- brew must have arisen from the fact that the Jews of Alexandria at that time wire so little acquainted with
i he original of t he t lid-Test. Scriptures that they had to he supplied with the Sept. ami other Greek versions.
Hut even Geiger, who says that Philo had but a scl 1-
boy knowledge of the Hebrew language, concede- that
when the translati f the Bible w a- undertaken for
t lie Alexandrian .lew-, -they had not yet been alto- gether estranged from the Hebrew language;" hut that
PHILO
111
PHILO
"they were no longer so much at home and versed in it that "they could have fully mastered the Book which was to offer them the bread and water of life ; it was the Grecian language that must bring it home to them" (p. 146; comp. also p. 148). As absurd as is this charge of Philo's ignorance of Hebrew is the charge that Fhilo's Greek is unclassical, and this because he was a Jew. As well might we say of the Jewish literati of Germany that their style is Jewish - German, and not the pure tongue of Lessing and Gervinus. Philo's Greek was of course not that of Plato, nor the pure At- tic of Demosthenes. No one at Alexandria wrote so purely, but Philo wrote as did his contemporaries, and as wrote the best of them. In his treatise De Con- gressu, xiv, Philo refers himself to his own attainments in grammar, philosophy, geometry, music, and poetry ; and his accomplished character was thus gracefully at- tested by his wife, who, when once asked why she alone of all her sex did not wear any golden ornaments, replied : " The virtue of a husband is a sufficient orna- ment for his wife" (Fragments, ed. Richter, vi, 236).