but his fleet was wrecked at Ezion-geber (1 Kings xxii, 48). The names of mercantile establishments on the coasts of Arabia along the Persian Gulf have partly been preserved to the present day. In these places the Phoe- nicians exchanged the produce of the West for that of India, Arabia, and Ethiopia. Arabia especially fur- nished incense, gold, and precious stones. The Midian- ites (Gen. xxxvii, 28) and the Edomites (Ezek. xxvii, 16) effected the transit by their caravans. The forti- fied Idumsean town Petra probably contained the store- houses in which the produce of southern countries was collected. From Egypt, the Phoenicians exported espe- cially byssus (ver. 7) for wine. According to an an- cient tradition, the tyrant of Thebes, Busiris, having soiled his hands with the blood of all foreigners, was killed by the Tyrian Hercules. This indicates that Phoenician colonists established themselves and their civilization successfully in Upper Egypt, where all strangers had usually been persecuted. At a later pe- riod Memphis was the place where most of the Phoeni- cians in Egypt were established. Phoenician inscrip- tions found in Egypt prove that even under the Ptole- mies the intimate connection between Phoenicia and Egypt still existed (comp. Gesenii Monumenta Phoeni- cia, xiii, 224 sq.). From Palestine the Phoenicians im- ported, besides wheat, especially from Judasa, ivory, oil, and balm ; also wool, principally from the neighboring nomadic Arabs. Damascus furnished wine (Ezek. xxvii, 5, 6, 17, 18, 21), and the mountains of Syria wood. The tribes about the shores of the Caspian Sea furnished slaves and iron ; for instance, the Tibancans (52TT, Tubal) and Moschi (~ - -, Meshech). Horsemen, horses, and mules came from the Armenians (fTSlSr, Togar- mah) (see Heeren. p. 86-130). The treasures of the East were exported from Phoenicia by ships which sailed first to Cyprus, the mountains of which are visi- ble from the Phoenician coast. Citium was a Phoenician colony in Cyprus, the name of which was transferred to the whole of Cyprus, and even to some neighboring isl- ands and coasts called CV3 (Gen. x, 4; Isa. xxiii, 1, 12). Hence also C'rn, the name of a Canaanitish or Phoenician tribe (Gesenii Monumenta Phoenicia, p. 153). Cyprus was subject to Tyre up to the time of Alexander the Great. There are still found Phoenician inscriptions which prove the connection of Cyprus with Tyre. At Rhodes (L*3T"i) also are found vestiges of Phoenician influence. From Rhodes the mountains of Crete are visible. This was of great importance for the direction of navigators, before the discovery of the com- pass. In Crete, and also in the Cycladic and Sporadic Isles, are the vestiges of Phoenician settlements. On the Isle of Thasos, on the southern coast of Thrace, the Phoenicians had gold-mines; and even on the southern shores of the Black Sea they had factories. However, when the Greeks became more powerful, the Phoeni- cians sailed more in other directions. They occupied also Sicily and the neighboring islands, but were, after the Greek colonization, confined to a few towns, Motya, Soloes. Panormus (Thucydides, vi, 2). The Phoenician mercantile establishments in Sardinia and the Balearic Isles could scarcely bg called colonies. Carthage was a Phoenician colony, which probably soon became impor- tant by commerce with the interior of Africa, and re- mained connected with Tyre by means of a common sanctuary. After Phoenicia had been vanquished by the Assyrians. Babylonians, and Persians, the settle- ments in Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain came into the power of Carthage. The Phoenicians had for a long period exported from Spain gold, silver, tin, iron, lead (Ezek. xxxviii, 13), fruit, wine, oil, wax, fish, and wool. Their chief settlement was Tarshish, 'd~-d>~T, subjec- tion, from the root dd"l, he vanquished, subjected. The Aramreans pronounced it BJVPirv; hence the Greek Tentessos. This was probably the name of a town sit- uated to the west of the Pillars of Hercules (Calpe
PIKKXICIA
154
PIKKXICIA
and Abyla, now Gibraltar and Ceuta), and even more west than Gades, at the mouth ol the Bsetis | Herod. iv, ti-.': Scymnua Chius, v, 16J sq.). This river was also called Tartessus (Arise, M,t,,,r. i. [3; Pausan. vi, 19, :;: Strabo, iii. p. l 18). At a later period the town of I ar- obtained likewise the Phoenician name- Carteja, from ~~~- town (Strabo, iii. p. 151). There arc other hames of towns in Spain which have a Phoenician der- ivation: Gades, "1*13, septum, fena (comp. Gesenii i Phoenicia, p. 304 sq., 349); Malaga (nbl2), on account of much sail fish thence exported; or, ac- cording to Gesenius (id. p. .'!Il' sq., and 353), from ri::";"n:x3". ojjicina fabrorum, iron-works, or man- ufactory of other metals, on account of the mines to be found there; Belon, ~~'JZ. civitas, city (id. p. 311 sq., and 348). The voyage to Tarshish was the most im- portant of those undertaken by the Phoenicians. Hence ii h.i- that their largest vessels were all called skips of Tarshish, although they Bailed in other directions il Kings x, 22). Ii appears also that the Phoenicians ex- ported tin from the British Isles, and amber from the eoasts of Prussia. Their voyages on the western coasts of Africa seem to have been merely voyages of discov- ery, without permanent results. The Spanish colonies were probably the principal sources of Phoenician wealth, and wore founded at a very remote period. The migra- tion of the Phoenician, Cadmus, into Boeotia likewise belongs to the earlier period of Phoenician colonization. I lom< t seems to know little of the Sidouian commerce; which fact may be explained by supposing that the Phoenicians avoided all collision and competition with the increasing power of the Greeks, and preferred to direct their voyages into countries where such compe- tition seemed to he improbable.