Pilgrims and Strangers. See Sioxitis.
Pilkington, James, a noted Anglican prelate, who flourished in the great Reformation period of the 16th century, was horn of an ancient gentleman's fam- ily at Rivington, in Lancashire, in 1520. He was edu- cated at St John's College, Cambridge, and after gradu- ation took holy orders. Under the reign of king Edward he distinguished himself as one of the disputants against transubstantiation, hut under the reign of bloody Mary lie was obliged to leave the country, a- he was very de- cided in hi- Protestant proclivities. He lived fora while at Zurich, and then at Basle. When suffered to return. in 1558, after the accession of Elizabeth, he was made master of his alma mater. He interested himself in educational affairs generally throughout the kingdom, and in hi- native place established a free-school, which
he himself endowed. In 1561 he was elevated to the
bishopric of Durham, and became noted tor hi- tolerant views. Thus, in loii 1. he advocated indulgence to Non- conformists, and to all who scrupled to observe practices or assume obligations having any appearance ol popish tendency. Bishop Pilkington died in 1575. lie pub- lished, Exposition of tin /'i<>/>/nt Haggeus 1 Lond. 1560, 8vo):— and on Obadiah (1560), Neheniiah (Camb. 1585, Ito . / 1 1 U siastes, Epistlt of Peter, and of Paul to ih< Galatians: I></. of th Engl. Servia ; and. besides, many sermons. Hi- Works were edited, with biograph- ical notices, for the Parker Society, by the Lev. James Scholefield, regius professor of Greek, Cambridge ( Camb. 1842, 8 vo). Sei- Strype's Cranmer, Parfer, and Grindal; Harduiok. Hist, oftki Ref. p. 219 el ah: Soami bethan Ch. History, p. 22, 19, 605; Burnet Hist, of the Ref; Hook. Eccles. Bm#. viii, 92. (J.H.W.)
Pilkington, Matthew, an English divine, flour- ished near the middle of the last century as pr< bend of Lichfield. He is especially noted a- a secular writer. lie is also the author of Evangelical lli.<t<u>i and Har- mony 1 1. oud. 1717. lol.i. which i- executed with great .arc and 1- ol some \alne: I Rational Concordance (Nottingb. 1749, Ito), which is now extreme!] scarce: and /.'. marks upon s< r< ral Passages ofScriptun (( lamb. and I. ond. 1759, 8vo), which, according to < trme 1 Bibl. Hill!, s.v.i. ••contain- a considerable portion ol valuable matter." Pilkington also published several of bis ser- mon- (1788, Ito: 1755, 8vo), 1 tc.
PILLAR
209
PILLAR
Pillar is a term frequently occurring in the Scrip- tures, especially of the O. T., where it is used in differ- ent senses, and as the rendering of several Heb. and Gr. words, which need to be distinguished both in their meaning and application.
1. Original Words so Translated.— I. From the root 2^3, natsdb, to station, come the following : rnS^, mats- tsebdh (rendered " pillar" everywhere in Genesis, and in Exod. xxiv, 4 ; Dent, xii, 3 ; Isa. xix, 19 ; elsewhere "image"), a column or image of stone; FQSEj matstse- betli, a monumental " pillar" (Gen. xxxv, 14, 20 ; 2 Sam. xviii, 18), once the trunk or stump of a tree ("sub- stance," Isa. vi, 13) ; 2£p, mutstsdb, according to some a military post (as in Isa.' xxix, 3, " mount"), or garri- son, according to others a terminal mark (Judg. ix, 6) ; S^S?. netsib, a statue (only Gen. xix, 26, "pillar"), or military officer or garrison (as elsewhere rendered).
2. From other roots: IIHIS, ammud, lit. something upright (from !1533>, to stand), a column (the usual word for " pillar," and invariably so rendered in the A. V., but meaning an elevated stand or platform in 2 Kings xi, 14; xxiii, 3); IS&O, mis'dd, a support (from ISO, to prop), a balustrade (only 1 Kings x, 12) ; PRISTS, matsuk, a column (from pIXj to set up) as a support (fig. 1 Sam. ii, 8), or tropically a crag (" situate," 1 Sam. xiv, 5) ; i"i:"2X) omendh (from "^X, to stag up), a column (only 2 Kings xviii, 16); and fTn^Fl, timerdh, a column, in the form of an artificial palm-tree (Cant, iii, 6 ; Joel ii, 30 [Heb. iii, 3]).
3. In the N. T. : only arvKoc, a column or support (Gal. ii, 9 ; 1 Tim. iii, 15 ; Eev. iii. 12 ; x, 1).
II. Uses. — The essential notion of a pillar is that of a shaft or isolated pile, either supporting or not supporting a roof.
1. Monumental. — Perhaps the votive object was the earliest application of the pillar. This in primitive times consisted of nothing but a single stone or pile of stones. Instances are seen in Jacob's pillars (Gen. x xviii,
Solitary Pillar in the Wilderness. VIII— O
18; xxxi, 46, 51, 52; xxxv, 14); in the twelve pillars set up by Moses at Mount Sinai (Exod. xxiv, 4) ; the twenty-four stones erected by Joshua (Josh, iv, 8, 9 ; see also Isa. xix, 19, and Josh, xxiv, 27). See Stone. The trace of a similar notion may probably be found in the holy stone of Mecca (Burckhardt, Trav. i, 297). The erection of columns or heaps of stone to commemorate any remarkable event was universal before the intro- duction of writing or inscription, and it is still employed for that purpose by many savage nations. See Galeed. Monumental pillars have thus been common in many countries and in various styles of architecture. Such were perhaps the obelisks of Egypt (Fergusson, p. 6, 8, 115, 246, 340 ; Ibn-Batuta, TVae.'p. Ill ; Strabo, iii, 171, 172; Herod, ii, 106; Amm, Marc, xvii, 4; Josephus, Ant. i, 2, 3, the pillars of Seth). See Pyramid.