lemnity of the festival. At Whitsuntide, and all festi- vals of the martyrs, he officiates in red; at Easter, and all festivals of virgins, in white ; in Lent, Advent, and eves of fasting-days, in violet; and on Easter-eve, and at all masses for the dead, in black. All these colors are said to be typical: the red expresses the cloven tongues and the blood of the martyrs; the white, the joy caused by our Saviour's resurrection and the chas- tity of virgins ; the violet, the pale aspect of those who fast ; and the black, grief and mourning. The tiara is a council-cap, with three coronets, rising one above an- other, and adorned with jewels. Paul II was the first who added the ornaments of precious stones to his crown. The jewels of Clement VIII's crown were val- ued, they say, at 500,000 pieces of gold. That of Mar- tin V had five pounds and a half weight of pearls in it. "Nor is there anything unreasonable in this (says Fa- ther Bonani), since the pope governs the kingdom of Christ in quality of his viceroy : now this kingdom is infinitely superior to all the kingdoms of the universe. The high-priest of the Jews wore on his head and breast the riches which were to represent the majesty of the Supreme God. The pope represents that of the Saviour of the world, and nothing better expresses it than riches." We must not omit that the two strings of the tiara are said to represent the two different man- ners of interpreting the Scriptures, the mystical and the literal. The pope has two seals. One is called " the fisherman's ring," and is the impression of Peter holding a line with a bait to it in the water. It is used for briefs sealed with wax. The other seal bears the figures of Peter and Paul, with a cross on one side ; and on the other an effigy, with the name of the reigning pope. This is used for the bulls, which are sealed with lead. On the decease of a pope these seals are defaced and broken by the cardinal-chamberlain in the pres- ence of three others. When the pope goes in procession to St. Peter's, the cross is carried before him on the end of a pike about ten palms long. " Many reasons," says Father Bonani, " authorize this custom. It is a mon- ument of the sufferings of Jesus Christ, and of the pope's adherence to the Saviour of the world. It is the true mark of the pontifical dignity, and represents the au- thority of the Church, as the Roman fasces did that of the consuls." At the same time two grooms bear two
fans on each side of his holiness's chair, to drive away the flies. This (according to the above-cited author) represents the seraphim covering the face of God with their wings.
3. Officers. — The pope has a Vicar who is always a cardinal. He who manages that charge has juris- diction over the priests and regulars, over the lay-com- munities, hospitals, places of piety, and Jews. His place may be worth to him two hundred ducats per month. He has two lieutenants, one for civil and the other for' criminal affairs, and a vicegerent, who is a bishop, for the exercise of episcopal functions.
The Penitentiary has jurisdiction in cases referred to the pope; and gives to approved confessors power to absolve. At solemn feasts he goes into one of the churches of Rome, where, sitting in a high chair, he has a switch in his hand, and hears the confession of articular cases. This place is worth eight thousand crowns a year.
The Chancellor was properly secretary to the pope, ab intimis. This charge is now bestowed upon none but a cardinal, and it may be worth to him fifteen or sixteen thousand crowns a year. His business is to despatch the apostolic letters, except those signed by the pope, which are despatched by a brief sub unnulo jriscatoris. He has under him a regent, and twelve abbreviators di parco maggiore, who are all prelates. The regent has power to commit all causes of appeal to the rota and referendaries. The abbreviators di parco maggiore draw the bulls, and send them when they are written. Besides these, there are abbreviators di parco minore, who are scriveners, and other officers of the chancery, appointed to receive and sign bulls. The vice-chancellor keeps a register of the collation of titles given to cardinals, and of promotions to bishop- rics and consistorial abbeys.
The Chamberlain is always a cardinal, and has for substitutes the clerks of the apostolic chamber, a treas- urer, and a president. This office is worth to him four- teen thousand crowns a year. He takes cognizance of all causes within the verge of the apostolic chamber, and, besides, judges of appeals from the masters of the streets, bridges, and edifices. When the see is vacant, the chamberlain remains in the palace, in the pope's apartment, goes through the streets with the Swiss guards attending him, coins money with his own arms thereon, and holds a consistory. He is one of the three chief treasurers of the Castle of St. Angelo, whereof the dean is another, and the pope the third.
The Prefect of the signature of justice is also one of the cardinals, and has two hundred ducats in gold per month. His business is to make rescripts of all the pe- titions and the commissions of causes which are dele- gated by the court. Every Thursday the signature of justice is held in the palace of the cardinal-prefect, where assist twelve prelates - referendaries, that have votes, and all the other referendaries, with power to propose each two causes; as also an auditor of the rota, and the civil auditor of the cardinal-vicar, having no vote, but only to maintain their jurisdiction in what relates to them. The prefect of the signature of grace signs all the petitions and grants which the pope be- stows in the congregations held in his own presence once a week. The prefect of the briefs is always a car- dinal ; he revises and signs the copies of the briefs.