The councils of Pisa. Constance, and Basle elected new popes, without binding themselves to the papal provi- sions concerning the c laves; lmt in this as in many
hi Imt respects their proceedings were of an exceptional character, and were without abiding consequences in the law ofthe Church. In 1621 Gregory \Y issued the constitution JEterm Patris jUius, which contained all the principal provisions in regard to the conclave
that ate lmw in use. In a \\-w points Only il was sup- plemented by hulls of Urban VIII 1 1625) and Clement XII | 1732).
The present mode of electing a pope has heen fully described in the article (ox. lave. The right of vot- ing is limited in the cardinals who have heen ordained deacons. The lack of this ordination may. however, be supplied by a special privilege ofthe pope. The car- dinals dn not lose their right of voting even by excom- munication, lmt they can cast their votes only if they are personally present in the conclave. Those who live outside ni the city nf Rome are not specially invited. Sin.-.- Boniface IX (1389) all the popes have been taken from i he ( lollege oft 'animals, hm in a legal point of view the eligibility of the pope is not conditioned by his be- ing a cardinal. The decree nf Nicholas II abolished a formi r provision by a Roman synod which demanded it, and since then a number of popes have been elected
Who were lmt cardinals. Urban III. elected in 1 185, wa- rn ilv archbishop of Milan; Urban IV i L261 | was patri- arch of Jerusalem; Clemenl V (1305), archbishop nf Bordeaux; Urban VI, with whose election in 1378 the papal -chi-m began, was archbishop ol Bari. I lelestinc V (1294) was on eremite, who .after a long conclave was agreed upon by two contending parties as a mere figure- head, and Urban V (I860) was abbot of St. Victor in Marseilles. No pope i- all. -wad t.. appoint his own suc- cessor, ami the election by a conclave i- an indispensable condition. In troublesome times -nun- popes, as Pius
VI (died 1799) and Pius VII (died 1823 i, provided that at the election of their successors -..me ofthe regula- tions for the holding . .f the conclave might he dispi n-ed with. Pius IX i> reported to have made -imilar ar- rangements for the election of his successor. The em- peror of Austria, as the successor ofthe Roman emperor,
and the governments nf France and Spain, have exer-
! the governments nf Naples and Portugal
have claimed, the right nf excluding smiie p articular cardinal, .as persona minus p-ata, from the papal throne. The right i- e • an election through a
member ol the < lollege oft 'animals, who i- commissioned for thai purpose by the government, and ir is limited to one veto at each conclave. L is generally believed at the time of this writing ( 1877 i that, on the death nf pope Pius IX, the empire of Germany will claim this ri,urht. in order to prevent the election of the candidate ofthe Jesuits. Long usage cans.- the selection of the candidate from the Italian cardinals. Several popes, like Celestine V, have resigned the office ; quite a number, in the course ofthe Middle Ages, have heen deposed by the emperors; and in the loth century the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basle claimed and exercised the ri^ht of deposing the pope. The principle, first enounced by the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, and ever since main- tained by the advocates ofthe extreme papal system, that the apostolical see i- not judged by any niie ("apostolica sedes a nemine judicatur"), has more and more been accepted by the Church: and after the Vati- can Council it would appear to he impossible thai the Catholic world would ever recognise any vacancy of the papal see except those caused bj the voluntary resignation or the death ofthe incumbent
The coronation and consecration ceremonies attend- ing the inauguration ofthe pope are of a very solemn and impressive character. We give a description in the words of an eye-witness:
"About eleven o'clock the procession bcL'an to arrive from the Qnirinal Palace. It was immensely long. The cardinals were in their state carnages, and each was ac- companied by several carriages full of attendants. The senator and governor of Rome formed part of the train. The pope was in a state coach drawn by six black horses, and preceded by a priest riding on a white mule, and bear- ing a large crucifix. The procession went rouud by the back of Si. Peter's, and the pope went up to the Si-tine Chapel, where various ceremonies were performed which
I did imt see. In about half an hour the process] n-
tered the centre d ' of St. Peter's. In all tin -•
Bions the low e-l orders nf the clergy came first, then bish- ops, archbishops, cardinals, and, lastly, the pope. He was home aloft .in his throne, carried by twelve hearers, the choir siuging, /•>'•, sur, , Behold the great
priest !' At the chapel nf the Santis-imo he stopped and adored the host. He was then borne forward t-> the high- nltar, and, passing by the north side of it, alighted in a -par.- enclosed for the use of the pope and the cardinals .hi the ea-i side. He walked up to the altar, i the foot of ir, ascended the steps, and seated himself on the middle of I he altar, (iii I he very spot w here the cibo- rimnorpyx, containing the host, usually staid-. 'I he i nr- dinals iii succession went through the ceremony of ado- ration. This ceremony i- performed three th es: fir >, before quilting the conclave; second!;/, in th< Sistinet up