We must remind the reader, in conclusion, thai our condensed discussion of prehistoric peoples relates only to the European continent, ami that the primitive his- tory of the men of other quarters of the world may have differed in some important respects ; while it i since European man seems to have immigrated from the east, that the first appearance of his i oriental ances- tors must have been considerably more remote: and still further, in view of the probable common origin of the Adamic and the other races of man. the first advent of the human species upon the earth must have taken place at an epoch removed perhaps into the Tertiary age of the world's history. [See. however, G \.\
In addition to the works already cited, see Figuier, I'll ■..,.,: Primitif; translation. Primitivt Man (N. V. 1870) ; Quatrefages, Rapport sur /< Progres <l< I'An- thropologu (1868); Rau, Early Man in Europi (N.Y. 1876); Tylor, Researches into the Early History of Man- kind and /In Development of Civilization (Lond. I860); Nilsson, Les HabUans Primitifs dt la Scat Vogt, Lectures on Man (ibid. 1864), translation of Vorlesungen iiber den Menschen; Pozzy, La I Recit Bibligw d* la Creation, bk. i. ch. vi ix; bk. iii, eh. xi, xii: Lubbock. Tin Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man (Amer. ed. 1871) ; Morgan, Ancient Society (N. V. 1*77. 8vo); Caspari, / schichti 1I1 r Menschheit (Leips. 1873); Tylor, Primitive Culturt .- Researches into tht Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom (Lond. 1871, 2 vols.); Evang. Quar. Rev. April. 1866. Figuier, Qua- trefages, and Pozzy oppose the doctrine of the deriva- tive origin of man. For information respecting Amer- ica, see hosier. Prehistoric Races of thi i'litial States (3d ed. Chicago, 1874). (A.W.)
Preadamites is the name of a Christian sect which was originated in the 17th century by Isaac La Peyrere (q. v.) upon the publication of two small trea- tises ei his in L655, the chief object of which was t.> show that Moses had nol recorded the origin of the hu-
•These figures are evidently little more than not to be placed in comparison with the definite data of Bible chronology.— En.
t A careful examination leads to the opposite conclu- sion. See Cheonoloq y ; Beituagimt.— Ed,
PREBEND
493
PRECEDENCE
man race, but only of the Jewish nation ; and that other nations of men inhabited our world long before Adam. His views were espoused by many people, especially at Groningen and other places in Holland. At Brussels, however, he was seized as a heretic, and only escaped punishment by renouncing the Reformed opinions and embracing the Roman Catholic faith; and at the same time he, of course, also retracted his Preadamite views. See Preadamite.
Prebend (from the Lat. prabenda, provender, i. e. an allowance of food, from priebere, to furnish), in its common acceptation signifies an allowance or provision of any sort. As an ecclesiastical term it denoted orig- inally any stipend or reward given out of the ecclesias- tical revenues to a person who had by his labors pro- cured benefit to the Church. See Benefice. When, in the course of the 10th century, the cathedral churches — having then become well endowed — left off receiving the income of their lands into one common bank, and the members of most cathedral and collegiate churches ceased living in common and separated from the epis- copal mensal property, certain shares or portions fell to all those so entitled. Besides, the lands were parcelled out in shares, and the income thus obtained was used for the support of all the clergymen within the cathe- dral territory. After the definite constitution of chap- ters for the maintenance of the daily religious services in the bishop's church, or in other churches similarly established, endowments were assigned to them, which were to be distributed (prcebenda) in fixed proportions among the members. These portions were called por- tiones canonical or prebendm. Hence arose the dif- ference between a prebend and a canonry (q. v.). A canonry was a right which a person had in a church to be deemed a member thereof, to have the right of a stall therein, and of giving a vote in the chapter; but a prebend was a right to receive certain revenues appro- priated to his place. The number of prebends in the several cathedral churches is increased by the benefit of the revenues of the rural clergy, and oftentimes by exonerating the lands of prebends from paying tithes to the ministers of the parishes where they lay. To the prebend was commonly attached a residence; and when an insufficient number of houses existed, the oldest prebendaries enjoyed their advantages in ex- change for a fixed tax, until it became the practice to pay small indemnities to those who had no houses, and these payments were called dislributiones. In England there is a trace, previous to the arrival of William I, of the tenure of distinct lands, afterwards made prebendal, at St. Paul's; but the definite name of prebends is not much earlier than the time of Edward I. In the time of Henry III the bursaries, prebends paid out of the bishop's purse, were reconstituted at Lichfield, and en- dowed with lands. It is a separate endowment impro- priated, as distinguished from the communa, manors or revenues appropriated to maintain all the capitular members. At Lincoln, in the 11th century, forty-two prebends were founded ; in the 12th century, at Wells, the prebends were formally distinguished and the dig- nities founded; in the 13th century fourteen prebends were founded at Llandaff. At York archbishop Thomas divided the lands of the common fund into separate prebends; these were augmented by archbishops Grey and Romaine, who added the last stall in the loth cen- tury. In the 16th century bishop Sherborne founded four stalls at Chichester, the latest endowed in England. The prebends were divided into stalls of priests, deacons, and subdeacons, a certain number coming up to reside in stated courses; but in 1343 all the stalls of York were declared to be sacerdotal. Dignitaries almost in- variably held a prebend attached to their stall. — Wal cott, Sacred A rchmology, s. v.